The Soveregin Euro Crisis - 2467 Words

Introduction The sovereign Euro crisis inflicting the Euro zone nations have both internal integration significance and international economic. It rarely truncated the internal integration of economic crisis but also accentuate effects to immediate distant nations including Australia (Malcolm Edey, 2011). The Euro zone member states experienced sovereign debt crisis which largely affected international economic and European integration. Regional economic crisis had immediate and clear effects on the far off nations including Australia. The sovereign debt crisis emanated from Euro zone governments facing bond market rates and unsustainable to repayments. These culminated in low resolution measures and high public debt (Prideaux, 2000) This meant potential decline in the GDP and decreased levels of exports. The EU summit was seen as a hope to a resolution of the European crisis but the agreement by the European leaders lacked focus on resolving the immediate issues. Its great attention was guarante eing the survival of the Euro zone in its current form. There is a real possibility of departure of one or more countries from the Euro zone. Financial markets geographically distant from Europe to face European crisis. Australia has over the last four years resisted the impending decline of economic recession as a result of the Euro crisis (Parkinson, 2011). Following the US sub-prime aggravated the global financial crisis as it defiantly causes an economic recession in most of

History of Theatre Lesson Notes Essay - 5401 Words

Lesson 1: Origins of Theatre Learning objectives: List the performance elements and understand their role in both ritual and theatre: time, place, participants (players, audience), scenario (agenda/goal/text/rules), clothing (uniform, costume, mask, makeup), sound (speech, music), movement (gesture, pantomime, dance), and function or purpose. Can be clock or fictional time, places vary (designed to meet needs), rituals might take place in one space or they might involve a procession with portions of the ritual being performed at various places along the way, elements can be combined, ritual and theatre employ the same basic elements as other human activities do but have diff purposes in mind and choose the particular form needed 4 each†¦show more content†¦Egyptians maintained an advanced civilization for some 3k years and never developed theatrically beyond ritualized performances, repeating the same ceremonies year after year for centuries. Theirs was a society that resisted changes that might have led to an autonomous t heatre. Define the vocabulary terms and state their significance to theatre history: performance elements-activities which encompass most human transactions and make use of a number of common elements: time, place, sound, etc. How they are treated and for what purpose, distinguishes one kind of transaction from another. Ritual-a religious or solemn ceremony consisting of a series of actions performed according to a prescribed order (theory that theatre originated from this, stories arise from these and this leads to reenactments of them). Cultural Darwinism-theory about evolution of biological species that theorists who came up with the ritual origination extended to include cultural phenomena-and consequently they assumed that human institutions including theatre, evolved through a process in which there was a steady development from the simple to the complex. They also assumed that societies that had evolved such autonomous arts as theatre were superior to those in which the arts had not b een separated from ritual. They also believed that, since all societies evolve throughShow MoreRelatedChildren s Theatre : An Activity I Have Positive, First Hand Experience1722 Words   |  7 PagesChildren’s theatre is an activity I have positive, first-hand experience in. I have participated in shows and productions in my community and school for as long as I can remember, and I loved every second of it. Since I have a history with the topic, I believed it would be a smart idea to volunteer my time with some sort of children’s theatre organization. I have always known how beneficial children’s theatre has been to me in my own life, however, I will show how everyone’s involvement in communityRead MoreThe Russian Dance And Ballet1655 Words   |  7 Pages The history of Russian dance and ballet is extraordinarily complex. The Russians have always enjoyed dance; they were dancing for entertainment and ritual before they were even introduced to Christ ianity. However, the start of their most culturally significant form of dance, ballet, did not start until 1675 in a small town near Moscow (The Great History 11). Since its humble beginnings, ballet’s evolution in Russia has exploded. Most notably, its growth can be seen through two world famous theaters:Read MoreIs Memory And History Be An Ethical Stance On Events?1304 Words   |  6 PagesAccording to Aleida Assman, â€Å"While memory is indispensable, as a view from the inside, to evaluating the events of the past and to creating an ethical stance, history is needed, as a view from the outside, to scrutinize and verify the remembered events.† Assman presents memory and history as necessities. Moreover, she argues that memory and history act as checks on each other, maintaining a balanced perspective through their coexistence. Here, memory signifies something remembered from the past by anRead MoreThe Four Emphasized Areas of Art in Education Essay2771 Words   |à ‚  12 PagesThe Four Emphasized Areas of Art in Education The National Summary Statement summarizes what every young American should know and be able to do in the arts. It is focused on four areas of emphasis: dance, music, theatre and visual arts. The scope of the summary statement is grades K-12 and speaks to both content and achievement. (National Standards for Arts Education) In this essay I will first describe the four areas of emphasis in art education and then provide recommendations of how theRead MoreShort Summay Essay : Why I Feel Called To Teach1728 Words   |  7 Pagesas I can remember, I always wanted to be a performer. During my freshman year of high school, I knew that I needed to major in music in college. At first I thought that I would major in vocal performance, then it changed to musical theatre. It stayed as musical theatre for a while, then I became a teacher’s aide for my old high school choir director. I was able to help out more with the Varsity Choir and the 8th grade choir as well. My choir director g ave me the opportunity to work with a few of theRead MoreNew Sound Equipment During The Film Industry1661 Words   |  7 Pagesintroduction of the devices into more than the 1,000 theatres now preparing to install them. Joseph N. Weber, President of the American Federation of Musicians, issued a statement on the matter, We are not opposed to talking movies . . . because we realize that synchronization of words with actions on the screen is a scientific accomplishment of value. But if the machines are used as a substitute for vocal and orchestral music in the nation’s theatres, they will become a serious menace to our culturalRead MoreFeminism in Top Girls and The Handmaids Tale Essay1635 Words   |  7 Pagespseudo-religious totalitarian society. The narrator of the story, Offred is describing in her diary the life of women in the society in the theocratic Republic of Gilead of the future. Top Girls is classified as Theatre of Alienation. Through the unconventional structure of the Brechtian Theatre, Churchill does not want the audience to simply follow the story as if it was realistic; she aims to give the audience food for thought, provoke them to reflect on what is wrong in the society and concentrateRead MoreForbidden Love : The Hidden History Of Mixed Race America946 Words   |  4 PagesForbidden Love: The Hidden History of Mixed-Race America is a text that highlights the racial progression of the United States. In a span of over 400 years, the author Gary Nash cites many instances of interracial relationships. This abundance of examples serves to show a contrast in America between government measures and social occurrences. A story such as that of John Rolfe and Pocahontas is used to show how [their union] could have become the beginning of an open racially intermixed UnitedRead MoreHistorical Events From The Lives Of Others Essay1668 Words   |  7 Pagesy ears ago in Leningrad†¦Sunday. February 18. Election day,† filling in the spontaneous details of how his wife â€Å"looked like a schoolteacher, meaning a bit of an old maid.† Dovlatov provides a self-referential example of his aesthetic additions to history in the narrator’s encounter with a sculptor. The sculptor’s piece, a statue of Lomonosov holding a globe, shows an impossibly detailed topography of the Americas, including specific mountain ranges, lakes, and rivers. The narrator remarks that suchRead MoreWhy Do You Want For Study Off Campus?1829 Words   |  8 Pageshave or will have completed relating to your OCP country/domestic site: Since I will be studying drama and theatre, I have made sure to take courses that would create a basis of knowledge from which I will build from and thrive while abroad: - Art of Theatre (KSU) - Art of Acting (KSU) - Intro to Shakespeare (KSU) - Beginning Acting - American Drama and Theatre - Intro to Technical Theatre - Acting Workshop I 5. Why do you want to study off-campus? I have been planning to spend time in college studying

Favourable And Unfavourable Globalisation â€Myassignmenthelp.Com

Question: Discuss About The Favorable And Unfavorable Globalization? Answer: Introduction The report focuses on understanding and evaluating the impacts of globalisation on different international economies based along four main factors like marketing, costs, operations and finally along competitive factors. It focuses on reflecting both the favourable and unfavourable influences of globalisation along such factors. Empirical inferences are aimed to be gained from the study of journal and books associated with the research topic. Concept of Globalisation Globalisation is identified as the process through which people and business institutions operating in specific industries based along a certain nationality tend to interact and integrate with people from the same industry dwelling and operating along international markets. Further, the aspect of globalisation also reflects the incorporation of information technology resources that contribute in the growth of interactions both along the social and commercial platforms while also contributing to the growth trade and investment activities along international frontiers(Beck, 2015). Market Influences of Globalization The aspect of globalisation generates both positive and negative influences on marketing. In terms of favourable influences the aspect of globalisation contributes in generating economies of scale through standardisation of marketing operations and also other functions associated with packaging and marketing communication activities. Further, the aspect of globalisation also contributes in enhancing the speeding of the products and services to the market. The firms that are globalised are characterised in terms of central planning functions and thereby contribute in the generation of new product introductions within a span of one year. Moreover, in terms of globalisation the product or service companies gain the potential for developing an international brand name and identity. The same contributes in reduction of the level of marketing communication required to be generated by companies for targeting effective market segments associated with employing the product or service. Similar ly, the advent of globalisation also helps the product or service companies to generate effective expansion of its target markets. This in turn contributes in enhancing the sales volume for the products or services. Finally, the advent of globalisation also helps the business institutions for gaining potential access to resources and financial supports for production of goods and services in large volumes(Filatotchev, Bell, Rasheed, 2016). Unfavourable Influences The existence of centralised planning and decision making units tends to affect the speeding up of the decision taking activities concerning addressing of needs of local consumers and also in effectively combating the actions of the local competitors. Further, the reduced contacts of marketing managers based at headquarters with the local consumers and markets affect the potential of the marketing strategies developed by them. Again, the impact of a problem emerging in a local country and its influence on the global brand tends to be increasingly communicated over the global market in the era of globalisation. The same makes the product or service brand vulnerable to reduction in global market demand. Again, from the consumer viewpoint the generation of standardised products and service designs and also marketing operations tends to affect the level of customer satisfaction for the product or service firms. From a national point of view, the influence of globalisation tends to create a threat to the different nations causing them to lose their identity and culture(Naghi Para, 2013). Cost Influences of Globalisation Favourable Influences The aspect of globalisation contributes in the development of free trade agreements such that countries tend to specialise on the production of such commodities regarding which they have potential access to material and other types of resources. Specialisation in the production of goods and services in turn contribute in reducing the prices of such for the consumers while also in helping the consumers gain access to large number of product choices. It also generates greater economies of scale and reduces the level of competition. Moreover, the emergence of globalisation also contributes in helping the development of products along different regions. The same contributes in reducing the average cost of production and thus reduces the prices for the products. Similarly, the aspect of globalisation also helps in reducing the existence of monopolies along different markets. Reduction of monopolies and increase in the level of competition helps in reducing the price structure for the prod ucts. Again, the advent of globalisation has also contributed in the flow of investment to a region or nation from different other nationalities. The same helps in development of the economic situation in the region and thus also reduces the impact of costs(Shen, Wei, Yang, 2017). Unfavourable Influences The existence of free trade owing to globalisation affects the operations of the developing markets and benefits the developed regions. The aspect of globalisation is also observed to enhance the level of environmental cost for the different economies owing tom increased spending of non-renewable energy sources and also the growth of pollution emanating from logistics and operational activities. Globalisation also contributes in increasing the amount of labour cost for the different industries in that labours tend to move over to those regions in like industries where they would access to increased wages and salaries. The same reduces the availability of labour in the poorer economies thereby making them depend on sourcing greater amount of labour thereby increasing costs(Dunford, Dunford, Barbu, Liu, 2013). Influences on Operational and Functional Activities Favourable Influences An analysis of the Turkish Electric Industry reflects that the impact of globalisation has resulted in generation of rapid technological changes and also in the emergence of new opportunities that in turn generate a positive effect on the delivery speed of the sector. Moreover, the influences of globalisation also contribute in the expansion of trading activities along the sector while also helping in the growing of logistics activities and technological framework in the region. Similarly, the advent of globalisation also contributes in promoting greater opportunities for the electricity industry in Turkey. The above factors act as potential triggers for the enhancement of the speed of delivery of the services which in turn amounts to growth in profit. Further, the different types of threats amounting from globalisation like increase in the level of cost pressure and growth in the generation of new market opportunities have in turn contributed in enhancing the level of flexibility of the current level of electric operations conducted in the region. The owners and business managers in the Turkish Electric Industry are required to generate products with needed flexibility for meeting of customer needs in an enhanced fashion. It helps in the growth of competitiveness for the industry and thereby contributes in effectively surviving under potential cost pressures. Similarly, the electric industry of Turkey for potentially exploiting the new market opportunities is required to develop new products and also create greater product assortments within a shorter period. The same also enhances the level of competitiveness of the firm(Sengul, Alpkan, Eren, 2015). Unfavourable Influences The impact of globalisation potentially tends to impact the operations of the multinational enterprises. It is observed that firms failing to effectively manage and monitor the operations of the international branches suffer from operational losses and margins. The firms are also required to generate training mechanisms for training the foreign staffs on the objectives of the firm and also the regarding enhancement of customer satisfaction. The same enhances the training and manpower development cost for the organisation. Moreover, the intake of expatriate staffs by the firms is also observed to affect the operational scenario in that the expatriates reflect lesser empathy to the needs of the local and regional markets and act based on the understandings gained from their home market. The same affects the operational scenario of the firms thereby amounting to loss of operational and business margins(Stefko Sojka, 2015). Influences on Competitive Factors Favourable Influences The advent of globalisation contributing in the movement of international firms to emerging or developing markets is made possible through the opening up of branches in specific regions. The global firms having opened branches in key international markets demand the availability of needed expertise that would help in meeting the needs of business and its customers. This accounts for the development of the existing skill or human resources base in the international markets through the development of educational and training institutions where they contribute in the development of effective human resources. The above fact thereby helps in the development of the competitive advantage of the regions. Similarly, the growth of globalisation also contributes in the flow of potential investments in the form of Foreign Direct Investments (FDI) from foreign markets. The investment is potentially employed for developing the innovation potential of the region and the different industries which i n turn contributes to growth of competitive advantage. Innovation coupled with needed resources rightly contribute in the development of quality products and services for meeting the needs of diverse customers(Kupfer, 2014). Unfavourable Influences The advent of globalisation makes the firms more vulnerable to growth of competition such that foreign firms operating in the like industry would tend to gain on increased market share through gaining access to scarce resources. The same affects the operational potency of the firms operating in the home country. Moreover, the entry of foreign firms in the existing market fuelled by globalisation contributes in the development of novel market forces and also tends to change the regulatory and legislative situation. The same contributes in affecting the business operations of the firms in the home market. International firms aiming to enter a foreign market are made possible through the development of large number of franchisees and also development of partnerships and joint venture with local firms. The above strategy undertaken by the big international firms potentially affects the market of the local and regional firms(Gerber, 2012). Conclusions The report effectively highlights on the concept of globalisation while also reflects on both the positive and negative influences of globalisation along different factors like market, cost, operations and finally along the competitive forces. Empirical and secondary inferences are gained from consulting different journals and books associated with globalisation and its impact on the stated factors References Beck, U. (2015). What Is Globalization? United Kingdom: John Wiley and Sons . Dunford, M., Dunford, R., Barbu, M., Liu, W. (2013). Globalisation, cost competitiveness and international trade: The evolution of the Italian textile and clothing industries and the growth of trade with China. European Urban and Regional Studies , 1-25. Filatotchev, I., Bell, R. G., Rasheed, A. A. (2016). Globalization of Capital Markets: Implications for Firm Strategies. Journal of International Management , 22 (3), 211-221. Gerber, D. (2012). Global Competition: Law, Markets, and Globalization. United Kingdom : OUP Oxford. Kupfer, A. (2014). Globalisation, Higher Education, the Labour Market and Inequality. New York : Routledge . Naghi, R. I., Para, I. (2013). The Effects of Globalization on Marketing. GSTF Journal on Business Review , 2 (3), 168-173. Sengul, M., Alpkan, L., Eren, E. (2015). Effect of Globalization on the Operational Performance: A Survey on SMEs in the Turkish Electric Industry. International Business Research , 8 (7). Shen, J., Wei, Y. D., Yang, Z. (2017). The impact of environmental regulations on the location of pollution-intensive industries in China. Journal of Cleaner Production , 148, 785-794. Stefko, R., Sojka, L. (2015). Analysis of the Impact of Globalisation on Selected Indicators of Firms' Activities. European Scientific Journal , 1, 149-162.

Vanraj Tractors free essay sample

- VANRAJ MINI-TRACTORS - The case depicts the dilemma of a decision-maker Mr Trivedi who has to select an appropriate segment for marketing the 10 horsepower (HP) Vanraj Mini tractor in the states of Gujarat, Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra and Uttar Pradesh. The four segments identified for Vanraj tractors: small and marginal farmers, large farmers, industries, and horticulture farmers. Vanraj was economical and could perform almost all the functions of a big tractor at lower costs serving multiple purposes and uses. It provided added and immense advantage over the existing Chinese made mini-tractors and bullocks used by small farmers and the existing market players catered to the larger farmer segment considered lucrative and substantive in nature with a higher level of mechanization. India has emerged as the world’s largest market for tractors and the small and marginal farmers are dominant in terms of numbers but no player currently serving this segment. Mr Trivedi found a huge market potential in the small and large farmer segment as they had a latent demand and believed that this segment was the most appropriate target market for Vanraj but the other board members advised him to consider and study the feasibility and profitability from the other identified segments before deciding to freeze a particular target segment. We will write a custom essay sample on Vanraj Tractors or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page Decision Problem 1. Selecting an appropriate target segment for Vanraj among the 4 identified segments. 2. Determining the appropriate price level for Vanraj to be sold in the selected segment. Analysis Vanraj was designed for agricultural and transportation purposes with a robust and versatile technology. The segment demarcation and selection is crucial as the overall marketing strategy will get modified wherein each segment has a completely different industry structure and competitive environment. Vanraj was design to address most of the problems faced by small and marginal farmers which no other big tractor was able to do. This had led Mr Trivedi to believe in its perfect fit to the needs of this particular segment of farmers. STATE| ANNUAL SALES (in units)| Gujarat| 17345| Maharashtra| 28443| Madhya Pradesh| 15288| Uttar Pradesh| 54392| Table 1: Average past sales of tractors in respective states The high fragmentation of agricultural landholdings with 82% held by small and marginal farmers with an increasing role of mechanization to increase foodgrain production provided a boost to tractor sales in India over the last two decades. The size of landholding did not inhibit the use of tractors and with declining size of landholdings per farmer; the big tractors were not economically viable for use in such farm sizes. The issue was that horsepower of tractors was increasing and size of landholding was declining which led to the exclusion of the small and marginal farmer segment from the purview of tractor companies. Demographic segmentation Small and marginal farmers| Large farmers| * Large in number * Small landholding (average 1. 4 to 0. 4 hectares) * Engaged in subsistence farming * Uneconomical for farm mechanization| * Small in number * Large landholdings (average 3 hectares) * Engaged in commercial farming hence earning high income * High levels of farm mechanizations| Geographic segmentation Northern India (UP)| Western and Southern India (Gujarat, Maharashtra MP)| * Soil is alluvial and fertile * Requires lower horsepower tractors * Area under horticulture farming 1066 (‘000 hectares)| * Harder laterite and black soil * Requires higher horsepower tractors * Area under horticulture farming 1550 (‘000 hectares)| Breakeven analysis Actual production of the ‘Vanraj’ varies from 300 to 480 across the seven years. The cost of production also varies from Rs. 471. 84 lakhs to Rs. 758. 76 lakhs. The average cost of production per tractor thus comes around Rs. 1. 58 lakhs. Considering profit after tax, dividend, depreciation and contingent expenses the net cash accrual for first to second year ranges from Rs. 7. 1 lakhs to 9. 5 lakhs. The overall profit comes to 7. 1-9. 5%. The sales realization against 300-480 tractors will range from Rs. 570 lakhs – 912 lakhs from the first to the seventh year. Thus, the price of ‘Vanraj’ mini tractor can be fixed at Rs. 1. 9 lakhs. The breakeven sales at 100% capacity can be Rs. 11. 40 Millions. Segment I: Small and marginal farmers In India, small farmers traditionally relied upon bullocks for all their agricultural needs. Therefore, the main competitor for Vanraj Mini tractor were bullocks rather than other Chinese make mini tractors which were not suitable for Indian trying conditions. | Bullocks (2 no. )| Vanraj| Other small tractors| Initial cost| Rs 0. 027m| Rs 0. 19m| Rs 0. 16m| Life span| 8-9 years| 8-9 years| 6-7 years| Other cost(fuel or fodder costs)| Fodder = Rs 17500*11 yrs = Rs 192500| Fuel = 950 hrs*1. 5l/hr*Rs 3. 3/litre*8 = Rs 376200| Rs 376200| Maintenance costs| Nil| 15% of selling price = Rs 0. 03 m| 40% of selling price = Rs 0. 6 m| Total cost incurred (for 8 year usage)| Rs 2,19,500| Rs 5,96,200| Rs 5,96,200| Challenges Though, using mechanized equipment rather than bullocks would increase efficiency in agricultural methods, total cost incurred on Vanraj mini is 3 times more when compared with total cost incurred on bullocks. The technical factor of maneuvering across a small landholding po ses some problem. The vagaries of monsoons coupled with fluctuating crop production may encourage farmers to hire big tractors whenever the need arises instead of owing a tractor which may end up becoming a liability for the marginal farmer. Hence, it is not economical for small farmers. It is more economical for farmers to hire a big tractor which can supplement the existing bullocks. This way they would be saving time and work  more efficiently. Hiring charges = Rs 250/hr; usage = 950 hrs per year; total yearly cost = Rs 237500 if replaces bullocks fully. Thus if a farmer is totally dependent on hiring, Vanraj may be a profitable option for him but as per Indian context, hiring provides farmer with the flexibility and also one cannot be sure about the number of such farmers. The market segment analysis for the tractors reveals the following facts: TRACTORS MARKET SEGMENT Segment| Sales Distribution (in %)| Price (millions) (subsidy Rs 30k for 30 HP)| Growth rate (overall 30%)| Consumption| 50 HP| 4. 5| | 17. 88| | The cost of tractors is varying from Rs. 0. 10 Million to Rs. 0. 40 million and above. ‘Vanraj’ proves to be the better choice as compared to its Chinese counterparts on account of better reliability and performance. Hence even if it is priced a little higher people would still prefer it if they are made aware of the long term benfits. Its advantage over bigger tractors in terms of better manoeuvrability and easy access to small corners of land makes it quite a handy asset to posses. Thus, the price of ‘Vanraj’ tractor fixed at Rs. 0. 19 million seems justified and appropriate. Table 2: Driving factors for use of mini tractors for farmer segment States| Area under Fruits (ha) (year 2001-02)| Area under vegetables (ha) (year 2001-02)| Marginal farmers (year 2000)| Small farmers (year 2000)| Large farmers (year 2000)| Gujarat, MP, Maharashtra, UP| 1066. (10% increase)| 1548. 9 (10% increase)| 25415| 9681| 10472| If we combine the marginal small farmers we will find that the total number of farmers in this category comes out to be around 35096. Moreover this is the untapped section of the market. Since the installed capacity is only 600 tractors per annum. The company can supply around 4350 tractors. Moreover since the farmers are economically ill equipped they can form a group and buy a tractor for thei r common purpose. With the various problems which crop up now and again in case of the 3 competitors and also Chinese made Mini Tractors (10 HP segment) or along with the newly entering HMT(18-25 HP segment) ‘Vanraj’ can pounce upon this opportunity as it has the many advantages over the other Big Tractors like low cost, fuel efficiency, availability of spares, easy maintainability, high manoeuvrability and compatibility with various farming implements and since the tractor market is always served by the bank loans, impetus can be provided so as to become a frontrunner in this segment. Segment II – Horticulture Department The big tractors are unwieldy in negotiating their way through the small gap between the lanes in horticulture farms. Vanraj’s small turning radius and mini-size would make it easy to maneuver it through the small lanes of horticulture farms. The three-wheel convertibility option available in Vanraj would be of great use in interculture operations in Horticulture farms. * Savings on initial cost:  Vanraj Mini tractor price= Rs 0. 19 million. Least price of a Big Tractor= Rs 0. 4 million Savings= Rs 0. 05 million * Savings on fuel Cost:  Vanraj Mini Tractor consumption= 1. 5 litre/hr  Average consumption of a big tractor= 4 litre/hr  Savings in fuel= 2. 5 litre/hr * Saving in fuel cost = 2. 5*33 = Rs 82. 5/hr Estimation of market potential in horticulture segment Percentage change in area from 1991-92 to 2001-02 (approx. ) | Area under fruits(%)| Area under vegetables(%)| Maharashtra| 128| 67| Gujarat| 76| 103| Uttar Pradesh| -5| 35| Madhya Pradesh| -28| -23| The above table signifies a very significant growth in area under horticulture in the period from 1991-92 to 2001-02. In fact the total land under Horticulture in the yaer 2001-02 was around 2615. 6 hectares. As horticulture and plantations are practiced by relatively well off persons and also in comparatively bigger areas they can go for â€Å"Vanraj† tractors wherever feasible rather than spending on the bigger tractors. Thus there is immense potential in the horticulture segment. Recommendations Although Mini Tractors had just 1% share of the tractor segment, it was estimated that the small farmers still using bullocks formed a larger part of untapped market. * The small farmer segment offers a huge potential and can be marketed by highlighting and communicating the intrinsic benefits of Vanraj in economic and technical terms. * Horticulture sector presents a niche market for Vanraj. It is concentrated only in few pockets of  states. Hence, Vanraj marketing should focus o n such areas to fully tap the market potential. * Area under Horticulture saw a decrease in states like Madhya Pradesh. Hence, Vanraj should interact with farmers in this region, find out the reasons and give them proper advice and hence should try to create a market for them. Conclusion The horticulture segment and small and marginal farmer segments could be easily tapped as both segments required value for money which was offered by the Vanraj tractor as compared to other mini or big tractors. [ 1 ]. More than 30 HP tractors are referred to as big tractors and less than 20 HP tractors are referred to as mini-tractors in our case analysis.

Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn

Ode on a Grecian Urn Summary In the first stanza, the speaker, standing before an ancient Grecian urn, addresses the urn, preoccupied with its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the "still unravish'd bride of quietness," the "foster-child of silence and slow time." He also describes the urn as a "historian," which can tell a story. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn, and asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? / What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?" In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover beneath a glade of trees. The speaker says that the piper's "unheard" melody's are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unaffected by time. He tells the youth that, though he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time, he should not grieve, because her beauty will never fade. In the third stanza, he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers, and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves; he is happy for the piper because his songs will be "for ever new," and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will last forever, unlike mortal love, which lapses into "breathing human passion," and eventually vanishes, leaving behind only a "burning forehead, and a parching tongue." In the fourth stanza, the speaker examines another picture on the urn, this one of a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed. He wonders where they are going ("To what green altar, O mysterious priest..."), and where they have come from. He imagines their little town, empty of all its citizens, and tells it that its streets will "for evermore" be silent, for those who have left it, fro... Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn Free Essays on Ode On A Grecian Urn Ode on a Grecian Urn Summary In the first stanza, the speaker, standing before an ancient Grecian urn, addresses the urn, preoccupied with its depiction of pictures frozen in time. It is the "still unravish'd bride of quietness," the "foster-child of silence and slow time." He also describes the urn as a "historian," which can tell a story. He wonders about the figures on the side of the urn, and asks what legend they depict, and where they are from. He looks at a picture that seems to depict a group of men pursuing a group of women, and wonders what their story could be: "What mad pursuit? What struggle to escape? / What pipes and timbrels? What wild ecstasy?" In the second stanza, the speaker looks at another picture on the urn, this time of a young man playing a pipe, lying with his lover beneath a glade of trees. The speaker says that the piper's "unheard" melody's are sweeter than mortal melodies, because they are unaffected by time. He tells the youth that, though he can never kiss his lover because he is frozen in time, he should not grieve, because her beauty will never fade. In the third stanza, he looks at the trees surrounding the lovers, and feels happy that they will never shed their leaves; he is happy for the piper because his songs will be "for ever new," and happy that the love of the boy and the girl will last forever, unlike mortal love, which lapses into "breathing human passion," and eventually vanishes, leaving behind only a "burning forehead, and a parching tongue." In the fourth stanza, the speaker examines another picture on the urn, this one of a group of villagers leading a heifer to be sacrificed. He wonders where they are going ("To what green altar, O mysterious priest..."), and where they have come from. He imagines their little town, empty of all its citizens, and tells it that its streets will "for evermore" be silent, for those who have left it, fro...

How to Make a Volcano Erupt With Smoke

How to Make a Volcano Erupt With Smoke Volcanic gases or smoke are associated with many volcanoes. Gases from a real volcano consist of water vapor, carbon dioxide, sulfur oxides, other gases, and sometimes ash. Do you want to add a touch of realism to your homemade volcano? Its easy to make it smoke. Heres what you do. Materials Basically, how this works is you start with any homemade volcano recipe and insert a container into the cone of the volcano to produce smoke. Model volcano (homemade or purchased)Eruption ingredients (e.g., baking soda and vinegar or yeast and peroxide)Small cup that fits inside the volcanoChunk of dry iceHot waterGloves or tongs How To Its helpful to start the smoke before adding the ingredient that starts your volcanic eruption. The smoke will appear either way, but its easier to handle the dry ice before the action starts. Add ingredients to your volcano, except the final one that starts the eruption. For example, a vinegar and baking soda volcano doesnt erupt until you pour vinegar into the volcano. A yeast and peroxide volcano doesnt erupt until you pour peroxide solution into the volcano. If you are simply making a model volcano smoke, you dont need to worry about this step.Set a cup inside the volcano.Add a chunk of dry ice or else several small pieces. If you cant buy dry ice, you can make it yourself.Pour hot water into the cup with the dry ice. This will cause the dry ice to sublimate from solid carbon dioxide into carbon dioxide gas. The gas is much colder than the surrounding air, so it will cause water vapor to condense, essentially forming fog.Now you have a smoking volcano! If you like, you can make it erupt now, too. Make Smoke Without Dry Ice If you dont have dry ice, you can still make smoke come out of a homemade volcano. For a non-erupting model volcano, you could use a smoke bomb to produce a lot of smoke. You have other options for a smoking erupting volcano, including: Safe and non-toxic water fogLiquid nitrogen fogGlycol fog Safety Information Dry ice is extremely cold and can cause frostbite if you pick it up with bare skin. Its best to use a glove or tongs to handle the dry ice.

Modify the proposal Research Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Modify the - Research Proposal Example This will be achieved through determining the perception of the customers towards the new form of marketing being used by Emirates Airlines. With the increasing levels of globalization resulting from liberalization of markets, efficient flow of information, and integration of economies, the level of competition in the market has increased immensely. This has resulted from the entry of multinational companies in the local market. These global firms have the adequate funds to segment the market, position the products strategically in the market and attract customer loyalty towards their products or services. The aviation industry has been the most affected. For instance, in the past one decade, Emirates Airline has faced immense competition from new entrants (Edelman,  2007. This aspect has necessitated the need to form a strong marketing department and use of efficient advertising channels in order to reach the customers. However, the media has increased the cost of advertising in order to benefit from the demand for their services. Therefore, Emirates airlines decided to seek cheaper channels that will help the firm re duce the cost of advertising (Mangold, & Faulds, 2009). The airline decided to use social media which continue to gain popularity among the young generation which forms the largest part of the target market. In addition, the media is also being used as a platform for conducting research. This is because the users are able to give their feedback, an aspect that enables the businesses to adjust their operations in order to meet the customer requirements (Fenwick & Wertime, 2013). Various researches have been conducted on the importance of social media. However, Emirates Airline is yet to conduct a study on how the new marketing strategy has affected the overall performance of the business. Currently, the technological sector is growing tremendously. People are able to get access

Leadership management Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

Leadership management - Research Paper Example The research is aimed at evaluating and understanding the leadership management practices in a selected organization which is the Tige Restaurant located in Wellington. The research is introduced by identifying the scopes of the research work with a consideration of the literary works done on similar topics till date. This is followed by the formulation of the research questions and research objectives. Suitable research methodologies which would be used to collect, analyse and interpret data are identified and explained wherein the importance of qualitative data collection through the use of questionnaire and sampling is identified to be relevant to the study. The collected data are analysed and interpreted and the findings are documented to reach to a suitable conclusion for the study. The report is concluded with the provision of relevant recommendations which can be used by the management of the chosen organization. The research paper is prepared on the topic of leadership management and leadership communication of Tige restaurant. The restaurant is a well-known Chinese restaurant situated in Wellington. The research is conducted with the aim of evaluating the leadership styles, leadership communication leadership practices and the overall leadership management in the Tige restaurant. The research is likely to be an important asset in the literary works of leadership management and leadership communication. Leadership communication and management has evolved as critical factors for the success of business organizations across the globe. As such, the study on this topic is expected to add value to the research works done in this field. The main objectives of the research are to evaluate the existing leadership principles and leadership management practices as followed in the chosen company which is the Tige restaurant. The research would take into consideration the aspects of leadership management, leadership styles, leadership

Organizational Security Plan Essay Example for Free

Organizational Security Plan Essay For every organization and business, physical security is a necessary aspect of protecting its facility, properties and employees against unwanted criminal activities. To choose the best organizational security plan possible, the organization must first conduct a thorough risk and threat assessment to assist in developing physical security plan. Basic physical controls focus on three levels of protection, which is the outside perimeter, the inside perimeter and the interior of a building. Each of these security levels must include at least two to three forms of security measures to make physical controls effective. An organization that is pursuing physical security should follow the recommended security best practices and implement the necessary steps to ensure the most effective physical security possible. At its core, physical security helps achieve protection of the personnel and assets by keeping the theft and other malicious criminal activities. Outer, Inner and interior Perimeter Security To better understand how to effectively implement security measures on the three basic levels of protection, there must be a clear distinction between the outer, inner and interior perimeter security. The outer perimeter of a property is usually defined by the property lines. The facility’s outer perimeter is fenced with a distinctive access point of entry, such as gate. The main purpose of establishing the outer perimeter security is to control all the traffic entering and leaving the property, meaning only authorized personnel and visitors should be granted the access pass the entrance gate. For an organization to decide which type of outer perimeter security is the most suitable one for its purposes, it needs to weigh the pros, cons and the cost of an intruder entering the property versus the physical security available. External Building Security External Security is the next line of defense, right after the perimeter security. External Security must take into consideration various factors that can potentially influence the security measures’ settings, such as weather and natural events. The organization must evaluate the value of what needs to be secured and protected in order to better apply appropriate external security measures. Such assessment of valuables should be objective; there is a difference between external security of high tech laboratories and the one of a small business owner. Each facility has very specific security needs, financial resources and abilities to implement appropriate measures of protection. Many large scale organizations and business use fencing and a gate as a primary source of external building security. Fencing is a clear sign of the property’s perimeter and it means the property is private and any unauthorized trespassing will be reported to local law enforcement authorities. Some private residence owners even use dogs as an external building security. There are various ways to find the most suitable tools, and it should be done so after a thorough consideration of the risk and threat assessment. Lighting is another great security tool to scare intruders or at least make their work more difficult and exposed to the surrounding. Nowadays, there are many sophisticating lighting systems that can be configured to fit exactly the building’s needs. Some lights can be turned on at all times during dark hours. Such approach is however more used for internal lighting and implemented by various companies and their office branches such as UPS, Pet Supermarkets or other retailers. Exterior lighting is extremely important for large outside perimeter, where the facility is fenced, has a main entrance point and even is guarded by a security officer. That security officer cannot have good visual perspective at night, however with the fence being lightened and the building exterior having lighting set up throughout, it allows the security officer to better view suspicious activities and therefore reacts quicker if an intruder trespass the facility. â€Å"PIR motion detector sensor so that it will switch the light on when movement is detected. Some lighting has a handy override feature to allow the light to stay permanently on and is useful if there is a need for light outside the property for a length of time. † (Secure Home, 2012) Modern lighting systems are also sustainable to severe weather such as snow storm, heavy rain storms and other extreme weather conditions. Security Alarms and CCTV Security alarms are very popular and useful security tools that are commonly found in both private residences and organizational facilities. Although they are mostly used for internal security, those that wish to secure their premises with the state of the art technologies, outside security alarms can provide just that. They work very similarly to interior security alarms; they get triggered once the intruder gains an entry without proper authorization. They can be either silent or loud and notify the property owner, management or local authorities directly. Closed Circuit TV cameras are also used for both external and interior security and it depends on the organization’s needs to select in what way to use them. The bright side is that CCTV used to be quite expensive in the past and became rather affordable in the past years. Inner Perimeter Security Inner perimeter security takes care of all the entrance points to a building, including windows, doors and other points of entrance. They all should be secured with some type of lock, whether it is a regular bolt lock or more sophisticated keypad lock. Some entrance points may be guarded by security officers who check employees’ and visitors’ ID’s to ensure only authorized individuals get inside the building. At some instances, biometric scanning devices are used to scan finger prints, eyes or other body parts to protect against intrusion with stolen ID. What type of security measure an organization chooses solely depends on the organizational security plan. Inner perimeter security system should be assessed and updated periodically to ensure the highest efficiency possible. Internal Building Security Internal building security can be perhaps the most challenging when it comes to the overall facility’s security. Especially with large scale buildings with multiple floors, numerous rooms and a large number of employees and staff, an intruder can easily blend in. The purpose of internal security is detecting any type of activity that is out of ordinary and may signalize a possible intrusion or security breach. The organization must also closely follow and adhere to privacy laws to avoid any potential law suits or legal issues. Interior security covers everything that is inside a building or property. There are several ways that an organization can provide security to the building. There are high tech quality cameras such as the Closed Circuit TV cameras that monitor the entire inside, record, and store these movements for certain period of time for a later review. These cameras can work simultaneously with motion detectors to add an extra benefit. Video surveillance is proven to be a highly efficient security measure, especially when the physical security is not able to monitor the entire interior at all times. Not only would it be costly, but quite impractical. With a well configured surveillance system, every floor, every section or even every room within the building can be set up with a Closed Circuit TV camera. Then, there must be designated security personnel to monitor such footage from either a remote location or a specific room within the building to respond if any suspicious activity is detected. They can monitor and view every part of the building without being physically present. If a suspicious activity is noticed, which is of course very likely during the course of time, a trained professional such as the active security officer on duty, must quickly evaluate the occurring situation and decide on action. This approach is often used by many large organizations such as hospital facilities, large retailers or casinos. One of the most important and often difficult parts of the surveillance is to go through the footage and filter out what movement is irrelevant and what may be a signal of security breach. Access Control The major objective of access control is to whom grant authorization to enter certain restricted areas that are not open to the entire personnel. Access control is the foundation of interior security, whether it is access to the internal offices, storage rooms and other areas, IT rooms, and other secure areas in the building. Governmental agencies and institutions conduct thorough background investigations for various job positions to hire only those individuals who able to receive a security clearance, such as industrial clearance or top security clearance, that automatically allow these individuals to work in certain buildings and areas, but not necessarily view all confidential documents, unless specifically permitted. Private organizations can choose their own way how to grant access. One of the possibilities is to issue special ID badges that must be scanned prior to entering certain areas within the building. Another way is to install keypad locks or issue special keys to the authorized personnel. It is up to the security manager and the project manager to decide, which way is most suitable for their organization. These access control measures do not eliminate the presence of a security officer, but rather add an extra layer to the overall security. Every organization must keep in mind that an intrusion does not always happen from the outside, but also from the inside; by the employees and staff, who try to obtain materials they would not be able to get otherwise. Estimated Budget Every organization has very specific needs that are based on various factors. To properly assess those needs and what security measures to implement, there must be specific facts considered. Besides what was already discussed in this paper, such as the size of the building, the capacity, the surroundings and location and the valuables of the inside, there is one factor that ultimately determines what security measures an organization can apply towards its organizational security plan and that are the estimated budget and costs of these security tools. In the present time, there are numerous options, various brands and large number of providing contractors that are competing to get the organization’s business. After a thorough research, an organization can decide what are the pros and cons of these security measures and if they ultimately provide the needed benefit the facility needs. Annually, there are hundreds of millions of dollars spent in the US alone on security measures by private organizations, such as alarm systems, deadbolt locks, keypad locks, surveillance systems and other tools. When it comes to the Federal government, the numbers are even higher. â€Å"Funding for homeland security has risen from $16 billion in FY2001 to $71. 6 billion requested for FY2012. Adjusted for inflation, the United States has spent $635. 9 billion on homeland security since FY2001. Of this $163. 8 billion has been funded within the Pentagon’s annual budget. The remaining $472. 1 billion has been funded through other federal agencies. †

90 Minutes of Perfection :: essays research papers

90 Minutes of Perfection Any pain to be suffered comes first. Instinctively you fight to live. The conscious mind does not believe any other reality could possibly exist beside the earth. We have been trained since birth to live. Life tells us who we are and we accept it’s telling. Your body wants to live and will fight to survive. Your body goes limp. Your heart stops. No more air flows in or out. You lose sight, feeling, and movement – although the ability to hear goes last. Identity ceases. The "you" that you once were becomes only a memory. There is no pain at the moment of death. Only peaceful silence. . . calm. . . quiet. But you still exist. It is easy not to breathe. In fact, it is easier and more comfortable not to breathe than to breathe. The biggest surprise for most people in dying is to realize that dying does not end life. Whether darkness or light comes next, or some kind of event, be it positive, negative, or somewhere in-between, expected or unexpected, the biggest su rprise of all is to realize you are still you. You can still think, you can still remember, you can still see, hear, move, reason, wonder, feel, question, and tell jokes. You are still alive, very much alive. â€Å"Actually, you're more alive after death than at any time since you were last born. Only the way of all this is different; different because you no longer wear a dense body to filter and amplify the various sensations you had once regarded as the only valid indicators of what constitutes life.†(Atwater) You had always been taught one has to wear a body to live. â€Å"The only thing dying does is help you release, slough off, and discard the "jacket" you once wore.†(Atwater) When you die you lose your body. That's all there is to it. Nothing else is lost. Don Piper is someone that died. He was in an accident where he was hit head on by an 18-wheeler on a small bridge over the Trinity River. When emergency personnel found no pulse he was covered up and was waiting on the justice of the peace to pronounce him dead. â€Å"Piper remembers nothing of the accident, but everything about heaven.† (Vara) While he was dead, Piper experiences this unimaginable trip to heaven and titled his book 90

Explain How You Could Promote Inclusion, Equality and Diversity with Your Current/Future Learners

Explain how you could promote inclusion, equality and diversity with your current/future learners. Identify other points of referral available to meet the potential needs of learners. Susan Wallace states that equality in this context â€Å"†¦. requires us, as teachers, to ensure that we show no favouritism or antipathy towards any learner and that we are entirely non-partisan in our dealings with them. Whether they are keen and motivated or bored and disengaged; or whether they are friendly and sociable or morose and threatening, they are nevertheless equal and should be treated equally. † (2007, p 46) When working with a range of ages, races, religions different genders and disabilities, I have to be rather sensitive when conducting classroom discussions or approaching individuals so as not to offend them. I ensure that each student receives the same equality and equal opportunity regardless of sex, colour or creed. I use a different range of teaching styles due to the various abilities of my learners. Visually I use demonstration videos, which play continuously throughout the lesson, I find this helps the learners to retain information more easily and giving out handout to learners I have them printed in larger than normal print with Comic sans font to aid anyone within the group who may have dyslexia or may be visually impaired. G. Petty points out that, â€Å"Dyslexia may be a gift as well as a disability. Psychologist studying entrepreneurs for Mind of a millionaire, a BBC Two TV programme, found that 40% of the most successful had learning difficulties, mostly dyslexia (Sunday Times, 5 October 2003). If you are not born dyslexic, sadly there is no way of making you so â€Å"! (Petty. G2009) As my lessons are mainly practical the learners get plenty of hands on experience with tools and materials this is a simple way of getting them to engage in the lessons. Auditory by explaining in detail to the students the task they are doing and get plenty of Q&A. I get some good feedback from my learners finding out what went well and wrong. By keeping the lesson as simple as possible, and setting each member relevant task to develop specific weaknesses, I find I get better all round results. I also timetable into their lesson a one to one tutorial where I can get some individual feedback. This is where I can promote ALS and Learner Support services on offer a the College.

Carrier Planning Report for Mba Student

CAREER PLANNING ASSIGNMENT DEEPENDRA SINGH A30101911072 Sec- B, Sem-IV A Career has been defined as the sequence of a person's experiences on different jobs over  the period of time. It is viewed as fundamentally a relationship between one or more organizations and the individual. A career is a sequence of positions/jobs held by a person during the course of his workinglife. Many of today's employees have high expectations about their jobs. There has been a generalincrease in the concern of the quality of life.Workers expect more from their jobs than justincome. A further impetus to career planning is the need for organizations to make the best  possible use of their most valuable resources the people in a time of rapid technologicalgrowth and change. Career planning as a concern is of recent origin. The reason for thislack of concern regarding career planning for a long time has been the careless,unrealistic assumption about employees functioning smoothly along the right lines a nd the  belief that the employees guide themselves in their careers.Modern personnel administration has to be futuristic, it has to look beyond the present tasks,since neither the requirements of the organization nor the attitudes and abilities of employeesare constant. It is too costly to leave career to the tyranny of time and casualty of  circumstances, for it is something which requires to be handled carefully through systematization and professional promoting. Fortunately, there has lately been someappreciation of the value of career planning and acceptance of validity of career development as a major input in organizational development.Career Planning aims at identifying personal skills, interest, knowledge and other features;and establishes specific plans to attain specific goals. Aims and Objectives of Career Planning Career Planning aims at matching individual potential for promotion and individualaspirations with organizational needs and opportunities. Career Planning is making sure thatthe organization has the right people with the right skills at the right time. In particular itindicates what training and development would be necessary for advancing in the career  altering the career path or staying in the current position.Its focus is on future needs andopportunities and removal of stagnation, obsolescence & dissatisfaction of the employee. OBJECTIVE OF CAREER PLANNING †¢To attract and retain the right type of person in the organization. †¢To map out career of employees suitable to their ability and their willingness to betrained and developed for higher positions. †¢To have a more stable workforce by reducing labour turnover and absenteeism. †¢It contributes to man power planning as well as organizational development andeffectiveachievement of corporate goals. To increasingly utilize the managerial talent available at all levels within theorganization. †¢It helps employee in thinking of long term involvement with th e organization. †¢To provide guidance and encourage employees to fulfill their potentials. †¢To achieve higher productivity and organizational development. †¢To ensure better use of human resource through more satisfied and productiveemployees. †¢To meet the immediate and future human resource needs of the organization on thetimely basis. NEED FOR CAREER PLANNING †¢Desire to grow and scale new heights. Realize and achieve the goals. †¢Performance measure. †¢High employee turnover. †¢To educate the employees †¢It motivates employees to grow. †¢It motivates employees to avail training and development. †¢It increases employee loyalty as they feel organization care’s about them. ADVANTAGES OF CAREER PLANNING In fact both individuals and the organization are going to benefit from career planning anddevelopment. #For Individuals 1. The process of career planning helps the individual to have the knowledge of variouscareer opport unities, his priorities etc. . This knowledge helps him select the career that is suitable to his life styles, preferences,family environment, scope for self-development etc. 3. It helps the organization identify internal employees who can be promoted. 4. Internal promotions, up gradation and transfers motivate the employees, boost uptheir morale and also result in increased job satisfaction. 5. Increased job satisfaction enhances employee commitment and creates a senseof belongingness and loyalty to the organization. . Employee will await his turn of promotion rather than changing to another organization. This will lower employee turnover. 7. It improves employee’s performance on the job by taping their potential abilities andfurther employee turnover. 8. It satisfies employee esteem needs. #For Organizations A long-term focus of career planning and development will increase the effectiveness of  human resource management. The advantages of career planning anddevelopment f or an organization include: 1.Efficient career planning and development ensures the availability of human resourceswith required skill, knowledge and talent. 2. The efficient policies and practices improve the organization’s ability to attract and retainhighly skilled and talent employees. 3. The proper career planning ensures that the women and people belong to backwardcommunities get opportunities for growth and development. 4. The career plan continuously tries to satisfy the employee expectations and as suchminimizes employee frustration. 5.By attracting and retaining the people from different cultures, enhances cultural diversity. 6. Protecting employee’s interest results in promoting organizational goodwill. CAREER PLANNING AND DEVELOPMENT PROCESS 1. Identifying individual needs and aspirations: It’s necessary to identify and communicate the career goals, aspiration and career anchors of  every employee because most individuals may not have a clear idea about these. For this  purpose, a human resource inventory of the organization and employee potential areasconcerned. 2. Analyzing career opportunities:The organizational set up, future plans and career system of the employees are analyzed toidentify the career opportunities available within it. Career paths can be determined for each  position. It can also necessary to analyze career demands in terms of knowledge, skill,experience, aptitude etc. 3. Identifying match and mismatch: A mechanism to identifying congruence between individual current aspirations andorganizational career system is developed to identify and compare specific areas of matchand mismatch for different categories of employees. 4.Formulating and implementing strategies: Alternative action plans and strategies for dealing with the match and mismatch areformulated and implemented. 5. Reviewing career plans: A periodic review of the career plan is necessary to know whether the plan is contributing toeffective ut ilization of human resources by matching employee objectives to job needs. Review will also indicate to employees in which direction the organization is moving, whatchanges are likely to take place and what skills are needed to adapt to the changing needs of  the organization.

Ws Cabinet essays

W's Cabinet essays Over the last couple of weeks George W. Bush has made his cabinet selections. For Secretary of Agriculture he appointed Ann Veneman, a former California agriculture director. For his attorney General he chose Senator John Ashcroft from Missouri. For his Commerce Secretary he chose Don Evens who was Bushes campaign chairman. As Defense Secretary Bush chose previous defense secretary Donald Rumsfeld. The Secretary of Education he chose was Rod Paige the superintendent of the Huston Independent School District. His Environmental Protection Agency Director is New Jersey governor Christie Whitman. The Feral Communication Commission Chairman he chose is Michael Powell a FCC commissioner. Health and Human Services Secretary appointed by Bush was good old Tommy Thompson from Wisconsin, who has been governor of our state for about 14 years and has been very active in welfare reform. The only controversy surrounding our Tommy so far is his political ties with the tobacco conglomerates ; he has received campaign funds and has taken trips with tobacco lobbyists. His Housing Secretary is Mel Martinez who was the head of Orange County, FL. Bushs Interior Secretary is former Colorado attorney general Gale Norton. The Labor Secretary Bush appointed is Former Peace Crops director Elaine Chao who was nominated after Linda Chavez withdrew. Mrs. Chavez did so because of controversy about an illegal immigrant who she had as a servant. Bushs NASA Administer is Harrison Schmitt an Apollo 17 astronaut. The person who Bush appointed to National Security Adviser is Stanford University scholar Condoleezza Rice. The Navy Secretary is Tillie Fowler a Navy Veteran. As the Office of Management and Budget Bush appointed Mitch Douglas who is senior vice president of the pharmaceutical giant Eli Lilly and Co. The Transportation Secretary Bush chose is Secretary of Commerce Norman Y. Mineta. Paul ONeill, who is a ...

The Chemistry of Chemical Hair Removal

The Chemistry of Chemical Hair Removal Have you ever wondered how chemical hair removal (a chemical depilatory) works? Examples of common brands include Nair, Veet and Magic Shave. Chemical hair removal products are available as creams, gels, powders, aerosol and roll-ons, yet all of these forms work the same way. They essentially dissolve the hair faster than they dissolve the skin, causing the hair to fall away. The characteristic unpleasant odor associated with chemical depilatories is the smell from breaking chemical bonds between sulfur atoms in the protein. The Chemistry of Chemical Hair Removal The most common active ingredient in chemical depilatories is calcium thioglycolate, which weakens the hair by breaking the disulfide bonds in the keratin of hair. When enough chemical bonds are broken, the hair can be rubbed or scraped off where it emerges from its follicle. The calcium thioglycolate is formed by reacting calcium hydroxide with thioglycolic acid. An excess of calcium hydroxide allows the thioglycolic acid to react with the cysteine in keratin. The chemical reaction is: 2SH-CH2-COOH (thioglycolic acid) R-S-S-R (cysteine) → 2R-SH COOH-CH2-SS-CH2-COOH (dithiodiglycolic acid). Keratin is found in skin as well as hair, so leaving hair removal products on the skin for an extended length of time will result in skin sensitivity and irritation. Because the chemicals only weaken the hair so that it can be scraped away from the skin, hair is only removed at the surface level. A visible shadow of subsurface hair may be seen after use and you can expect to see regrowth in 2-5 days.

Management high performance DB 3 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Management high performance DB 3 - Essay Example They detest lateness and hence prefer business meetings to run on time. People especially during meetings should be dressed in decent formal attire as they do not like exposure of too much skin. When they have offered business cards, they prefer them to be read first as a courtesy and not just kept in the pocket (Nishiyama, 2000). The different approaches to management add to the company performance as business is able to be conducted well whether it requires individual or group assessment. This is because the company will be conversant with both group and individual performances as it is an amalgam of the two cultures. Performance will also increase as the managers will be able to deal well with either working in groups or working with individual employees and both levels maximum achievement will be obtained. The only thing that will subtract the performance and this will happen in the initial stages of working together (short term) is the fact that it will take time for American managers to work well and achieve performance with groups as it will be for Japanese to work well with individuals (Karmakar,

Personal finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal finance - Essay Example My concerns over the job market, the economy, and my student loan debt have led me to consider going to school for an additional year and earning a B.Ed. with teaching certificate so that I have a backup employment plan for the future. 1. Financial goals for the next 2 years (or until graduation with the 4 year degree). Monthly budget (show typical month to include a monthly pro-rate as needed (for each year). To some extent you have already done this. You can use spreadsheet following the basic outline of the budgets from worksheet #1 in the workbook. In a footnote add an explanation of any extraordinary items not contained in a monthly budget. After graduating, I have a two year grace period on my student loans to get settled, find a job, and begin building my career. It would make sense to start saving to build a cushion for emergencies and a base of savings to help cover bill payments. I will owe around $20,000 in student loans upon graduation, which I expect to pay off in 8 to 10 years. I have around $4000 in credit card debt from books, clothes, and other living expenses in school that I will need to manage. After graduation, I would like to travel for three months to Mexico and Latin America, and will budget around $4,000 to $5,000 in travel expenses for the trip. I expect to fund half of that through my own work and half through family gifts at graduation. In my first 2 years after college, I hope to receive a job paying in the $40,000 to $50,000 per year working for the company with which I did my internship last year. To date, I have applied but not heard back on my resume. With a budget of $40,000, I will receive around $2800 per mnoth after taxes for my budget: 2. Financial Goals for the next 8-10 years. Specific strategies to achieve them like income, major expenditures, saving amounts, and investment rate of return of targeted investments. Complete from information in worksheets and display on a spreadsheet for each year.

Analysis the Sprint Nextel Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis the Sprint Nextel Corp - Essay Example In 2001, it became the first company to introduce a wireless Java for networking. Sprint Nextel Corporation offers a range of fixed, mobile, and broadband communications products and services. Sprint Nextel is widely recognized for developing, engineering and deploying innovative technologies. Internationally, it is known for internet networking and major development in technology. The cost of debt for the company can be computed by analyzing the various components of debts. These include bond issues, treasury bills, loans etc. Sprint Nextel has a variety of bond issues with different maturities (see table 1). This analysis will focus on the head quarter’s debt component analysis only (see table2). The coupons outlined here are three with the respective maturity dates. The value of a similar bond at similar rates is analyzed as having a par value of $1000 for the Canadian debt and $2500 for the unsecured notes. These are used to find the price of each bond. By discounting the annuity and the lump sum at maturity for each bond, the price of each bond is obtained. This method uses trial and error to ascertain the cost of each bond. The assumption made is that similar bonds yield $1000 and $2500 respectively. This is for the purposes of discounting the return of the bond towards a set amount of expected as per today. Further analysis shows that the price of each bond is effective once we added the tax factor. The assumed taxation factor in the United States is 35%. The after tax cost of each bond is obtained by multiplying the cost of bond (pre-tax) with the factor (1-tax rate). Another aspect to consider is that the company is financed by a long term loan. Given the worldwide economic crisis, the cost of repayment of loans has tremendous increased by 5%. An assumption is made that the loan of $166,855 has an interest rate of 16%. This is the cost of this loan. The total cost of debt is the mean of the cost of the loan and the bond issues. Accounting for th is, the cost of debt is obtained as 6.19% The cost of equity: The equity components are ordinary share capital and preference share capital. To obtain the cost of equity, I will include the ordinary capital in this case. This is done by obtaining the dividend payable in the coming year divided by the current market price and then multiplying it by dividend growth. For the last three years, the financial statements indicate no dividend payment made by the firm. This trend is assumed to be continuous in the coming year. Therefore the dividend value per share is zero and the growth is also zero. The current market share value stands at $ 2.74. By doing the necessary computation, the cost of equity is zero. Weighted average cost of capital WACC is obtained by adding weight to the various capital components i.e. debt and equity. Capital is made up of equity and debt in this firm. By summing debt and equity, I get their weights as: the debt has a total weight of 44% and equity has a total weight of 56%. These percentages are then multiplied by the above computation of cost of debt and equity respectively. The two are added giving WACC of 3.45% The firm’s beta The firm’s beta is a measure of risk to the company. This is obtained through the use of the indexes for United States multiplying with the cost of capital. The beta stands at 1.16 which is indicates low risk measure. This can be unlevered by adding tax aspect to obtain 0.61. Debt to equity ratio of Sprint is obtained as 27.7 this indicates low risk to the company. Calculations: Table 1 - combined industry bond issues SECURITY Coupon Amount Maturity Unsecured senior notes 7.625 1650 1/30/11 Unsecured senior

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay The Kalabagh Dam was one of the proposed projects in Pakistan when it comes to hydroelectric power plants in the country. The proposed Kalabagh Dam was supposed to be built on Indus River. Government of Pakistan was the patronage authority in the construction. Mianwali District was selected as the proposed site of the damn exactly situated at Kalabagh. The region was close to the border of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The very inception of this project was controversial and different governments had a serious debate on the construction of this reservoir. It was finally in December 2005 when, then General Pervez Musharraf, the President of Pakistan announced that Kalabagh Dam will be constructed for the greater interest of Pakistan. He made several arrangements for the construction as well during his regime. It was back in May 2008 when Raja Pervez Ashraf, the Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan called off the Kalabagh Dam project. Raja Pervez Ashraf further justified his decision by stating that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and other stakeholders involved in the project were opposing severely and it was not feasible. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani stated in one of his interviews post the 2010 Flood that devastation would have been way less if Kalabagh Dam was constructed. Kalabagh Dam was a multi-purpose project in terms of nature and was expected to have a storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). The project was expected to back the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) that happened in 1991 according to which the irrigation system to provinces was to be streamlined. In addition to this, the objective of Kalabagh Dam was the availability of cheap hydropower. The National Grid was expecting a rise of 3600MW in the production capacity. Kalabagh Dam was supposed to take up 110,500 sq. Miles of Catchment area in the Kalabagh Region in District Mianwali. According to the statistical analysis, the location had a maximum flood record of 1,200,200 cusecs of water back in 1929. The average annual water flow at the location is found to be an enormous 91.4 MAF that best suits the location to be turned into a Dam. Kalabagh Dam was a mega project with an expected gross capacity of 7.9 MAF and live capacity of 6.1 MAF. It was planned that Kalabagh Dam is going to have power units each generating 300MW, 12 in quantity with the turbine head design of 170 feet. The complete powerhouse was an indoor one and the production in the initial phase was expected to be around 2400MW and ultimately rise to 3600MW in the running phase. The expected cost of this project back in 1997 was somewhat around Rs. 250 Billion when the US Dollar was floating at Rs. 45. Kalabagh Dam was planned for the greater interest of the country and its resources. Pakistan being one of the blessed countries around the world has a lot of fresh water supplies round the year. The geography of this country is well suited for dams and water storages both for storage purposes and power generation purposes. Kalabagh Dam was proposed for settling down the irrigation system and had hydropower potentials as well. The greatest advantage of Kalabagh dam was that it was rendering great results on an extremely affordable price tag. Kalabagh Dam was the least expensive multi-purpose solution to both the irrigation and power outages. Both the irrigation and power generation capacities of Pakistan were expected to rise considerably through the project. It was expected to be the second great irrigation system after the Indus Basin Project in the late 1960s with similar role of making a good start towards a unified national water resource development-cum-management system. The project was all set to start in 1980s and the project would have been in the working condition by 21st Century according to the technology back then. The controversy started developing from the very start of the project and rose from the province of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The controversies were all entirely based on lack of information or hear say. There were reservations in the minds of many people around these provinces based on pure conservative thoughts. There were many revisions made in the initial phase in order to make it seem friendly to an average mind but that too, was of no use. LITERATURE REVIEW As stated earlier, the construction of Kalabagh Dam triggered a great controversy amongst the four provinces of Pakistan. It was just Punjab that favored the project that is also the strongest province amongst the four. The other three provinces expressed their reservations and dissatisfaction on the project and their provincial assemblies passed resolution against the proposal. This places the project into the consideration phase for a long time until it was confirmed in 2005 and then rejected in 2008. WAPDA has already highlighted the fact that Pakistan is going to be facing severe water shortage in the future if nothing was done to create storages. The water availability in 1951 was as low as 5260 cubic meters while it fell to 1038 cubic meters in 2010 whereas the population was 34 million and 172 million respectively. According to statistics, the least to maintain the states of a water sufficient country is 1000+ cubic meters of water. There are even assumptions that the construction of dam is going to adversely affect the environment as well as any other large dam does. The construction might also displace a number of people from the site locations. The construction was planned to initiate in 1984 but didnt start even as yet. Punjabs Point of View: Punjab is the only province in complete favor of the Kalabagh Dam as this project was expected to supply both water and hydro-electric power for a very nominal cost. Water demands in Punjab are also higher as the population here is great as compared to other parts of the country. The water that flows into the Arabian Sea is a pure waste for those living in Punjab where the water can be used to irrigate lands that are infertile. Punjab is in dire need of two dams apart from just the Kalabagh Dam at Bhasha and Skardu. Kalabagh Dams site is best suited and this would have been built at the first place according to the needs of the province. The dam was best suited to irrigate Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar. Punjab is the province that will be affected to the maximum extent if the Kalabagh Dam is not built. The Water Treaty between Pakistan and India that initiated in 1960s set the royalty of Sutlej and Bias into the hands of India. Ever since this treaty was signed, the Ravi, Sutlej and Bias are used only the season of floods when India needs to release water. Electricity produced by water is the cheapest amongst all that is produced by other resources. The province even agreed that it is not going to claim any royalty despite the fact that the location of Kalabagh was situated in Punjab. Sindhs Point of View: The strongest of the opponents of Kalabagh Dam is Sindh on grounds of theft of water by Punjab. Sindh claims that Indus River belongs to it by virtue of the name and history. Sindh further claimed that the construction of Mangla and Tarbela was the greatest theft of water that was used for irrigation in Singh. Sindh raised objection on the share of Indus water that they receive. The claim was that Kalabagh Dam will irrigate Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Sindh also claimed that the coastal areas of the province demand constant supplies of water into the Arabian Sea so that the water from the sea does not intrude into the land. This intruding would leave a lot of area of Sindh into saline desert that will come up as an environmental issue. This will also destroy the coastal mangroves. The construction of Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam already turned the mighty Indus River turn into a stream post the Kotri Barrage in Hyderabad. They also justified that big dams cannot made on water that comes mainly from rain as it does not rain throughout the year. If there was no rain, Sindh didnt see any water post the Kotri Barrage. The location is said to be unsuitable for such a construction as there are numerous fractures on the lowest point of the valley. There were a number of other environmental problems that were not addressed in the past. Silt is the greatest of the issues that can cause water shortage affecting the capacity of Manchar Lake and Haleji Lake. The Sindhis were not convinced with the efforts of President Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz referring to the water theft that took place in 1991. Political Parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement who was in favor of General Musharraf and was ally in the Federal Assembly were severely opposing the idea of Kalabagh Dam. Parties like PMLN retracted themselves from their stances stating that the Dam should be built for the greater interest of the country. Khyber Pakhtunkhwas Point of View: Khyber Pakhtunkhwas point of view is pretty different from that of other provinces. Their first claim was that Punjab was never good at fulfilling promises. The province was not even credible for keeping up the constitutional guarantees. Another of their concern was with reference to the Ghazi-Barotha hydro electric power. They claim that the entire canal system of Ghazi-Barotha system run in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while the turbines lie 500 meters within the Punjab province but the royalty is rejected to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The royalty of generation of Kalabagh dam became an issue even when the project was finalized as people living in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa expected the Federal Government to be unjust in giving royalty to the province instead expected them to go for the favor of Punjab. They also stated that the Nowshehra District will be submerged by the dam and there will be even more region of the province being affected from water-logging and salinity. Balochistans Point of View: Balochistan is not directly affected by the Kalabagh Dam rather there have been a number of nationalists Baloch Standards that consider that Punjab has been ruling the smaller provinces in the past. DISCUSSION Kalabagh dam has been a dispute ever since the very idea was incepted. There have been severe opposition to the construction of Kalabagh Dam through all times from three Provinces of Pakistan and none apart from Punjab only have favored the construction of Kalabagh Dam. There were different grounds posed by other provincial governments justifying that Kalabagh Dam should not be constructed. General Pervez Musharraf, ex-president Pakistan had subtle plans to construct Kalabagh Dam in 2016 according to the feasibility report (Fulcher, 2006). The dam site close to Kohat region and the Khewra salt mines was controversial from the very first day and the later was the largest operating salt mine around the world. There was a huge risk that the salt will leach in huge quantities from the ranges into the river Indus and the overall hydrology of the region is going to change drastically. This came up as another great concern to the opponents who were not in the favor of Kalabagh Dam. The aforementioned literature review has set a lot of things clear to us including the advantages and disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam. The Water and Power Development Authority has suggested that the total land that will be submerged as a result of Kalabagh Dam is around 14,000 hectares (Fulcher, 2006). There were certain independent assessments as well some of which went high up to a massive 74,000 hectares. The later assessments were all exaggerated and were meant for nothing but propaganda against the proposed developmental projects. Even the first part of the assessment did not account for the land that will be inundated in case of a river flood occurrence. It even does not account for the land that will be taken up in case the level of the river rose. The construction of Kalabagh Dam has a number of advantages apart from the few disadvantages too. There is no way that we can ignore the disadvantages but we can certainly look for ways to reduce the impact. There are advocated distributed all across the country apart from the opponents. The major advocacy comes from the province of Punjab and from the technocrats of Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah. They have a number of claims to advocate that Kalabagh Dam is going to assist the country getting rid of power and water shortage. The best advocacy lies in the water shortage. As mentioned above, Pakistan is moving towards a state where water scarcity is going to prevail and the possibility of one dam on the Indus River (Iyer, 2006) comes up as the best justification that sets Kalabagh Dam an important project. It is not only agriculture that Kalabagh Dam is associated with but also electricity. There has been a serious power shortage for years now and the most appropriate solution to the shortage is hydroelectric power that Pakistan has the potential of generating at a very reasonable price. The manufacturing sector of the country needs Kalabagh Dam for the power issue for a sustainable progress of the country (Khan, 2009). Mangla Dam, Tarbela Dam, Chashma Barrage were excellent projects that provided Pakistan with water for irrigation and power at the same place but the siltation process has caused a lot of volume deficit. The sedimentation in the dam cannot be dealt with until or unless an alternative is built and the best alternative perhaps is Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam will come up as an addition storage volume that will meet the water deficiency in the early Kharif period ranging from the months of April-June. This has a critical value for the cotton crop growing in Sindh. The Kalabagh Dam, on the whole will allocate water according to the WAA-1991 and will regulate high flood risks in the Indus river as well as producing Hydro-Power to power the whole of Pakistan (Khokhar, 2008). In times when Tarbela was not build, the annual average water escape was 38 Million Acre Feet below Kotri that rose to 64 later on. With the construction of Kalabagh Dam, this can be brought back to 32MAF (Al-Khobar, 2011). Another 26MAF out of this 32 can be easily controlled and utilized to bring the backward areas of Pakistan into use by using the national water resources development approach. The primary energy source of Pakistan is oil and gas where the demand oil and gas in the country is estimated to be around 51 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) (The Nations, 2010). Pakistan is producing 34 million TOE annually while the deficit is met through imports primarily. As an alternative to this, the large scale hydropower incorporated with a multi-purpose storage can help reduce the cost of electric supply within the reach of a standard consumer. The best part of Kalabagh Dam is the addition of 2400 MW of electric power to the National Grid in the early phase and ultimately rising to 3600 MW installed power (WAPDA). This will greatly reduce the load shedding issue that the country is facing as of now with the industry and production going in serious debt. A neutral debate will get in a lot more then this into account and one can find another set of advantages of Kalabagh Dam for the prosperity and integrity of this country. The greatest of them is a reduced dependency on imported fuels that accounts for a huge sum of our foreign reserve. Kalabagh Dam can ensure economic prosperity of Pakistan if the project is handled with care. It also produces employment for 30,000 individuals around the country during the construction phase and there will be a lot more who will be employed after the project is commissioned. Construction price is another concern for Government of Pakistan while the direct benefits from Kalabagh dam suggest that the dam will pay 25 billion per annum therefore accounting for the whole investment in 9-10 years (Khokhar, 2008). The energy generated at Kalabagh Dam is expected to be around 20 million barrels of oil annually. This will help cutting short the import budget as well as the transportation and handling charges that are charged for processing the imported oil. Apart from the economic point of view, the Kalabagh Dam Project has several social benefits too out of which settling down of the grievance from Southern Punjab are the greatest of all. Kalabagh Dam is going to irrigate major parts of Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar therefore a major grievance from the region will be settled down itself. In addition, Punjab province does not claim any royalty on the generation of resources from Kalabagh Dam, it is just the deficiency of trust that does not let this project happen. CONCLUSION Pakistan is into a state where the deficiencies are at its peaks. Pakistan has long been known as an agricultural country and agriculture is not possible without irrigation. The current situation is moving rapidly towards water scarcity therefore causing serious harm to the agricultural sector of Pakistan. In addition to that, the electric power generation sources have all been exhausted. Even Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam have moved into the last stages of their lives, the need of Kalabagh Dam this minute is critical to meet the needs of both irrigation and power. There are numerous disadvantages of the construction of Kalabagh Dam that has raised a serious opposition from other parts of the country mainly from Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah and Sindh Provinces. The overall opposition has been propagated so well that the common man living in these regions talks about the disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam and not about the advantages. This is not just it: Punjab has long been known as the powerful dictating province that is another serious hindrance in the construction of Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam, once constructed will render a number of advantages to the country both socially and economically cutting short the power deficit that prevails in the country. I am sitting in dark this minute due to power shortage here in Pakistan and there is no solution that seems to be apart from construction of hydroelectric power that is both cheap and convenient..

NO Mandatory Community Service for Students! Essay -- Argumentative Pe

NO Mandatory Community Service for Students! Community service: What a wonderful opportunity for students! A chance for our younger citizens to learn responsibility, experience the satisfaction that comes with helping others and to acquire new skills. Right? Well, that depends who you're talking to. Slip the word "mandatory" behind community service, as school districts in Maryland, Washington, D.C., and hundreds of others have done, and "opportunity" takes a new twist. Opportunity for who? For the students, or for the communities that can now capitalize on students' free labor? (Martin, pg. 13) More than two decades ago, President Nixon ended the military draft. Now a new and more menacing form of enlistment is threatening our school systems. This enlistment I am speaking of is that we are forcing "community service" to be a requirement for high school graduation. Compulsory service programs, already functioning in many communities, typically giving students four years to complete, say, 60 hours of labor. The students must not receive any payment. They can choose whether to serve the elderly, or the poor, or the disabled, so long as they serve others rather than themselves. The penalty for dodging this new draft is simple: no diploma. In Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, angry parents and students took the local school board to court, arguing that such a mandatory service program for high school students imposed the kind ...

Safe Disposal of Wastewater – Disinfection

2.1.4 Disinfection Disinfection is the primary mechanism for the inactivation or devastation of infective beings to forestall the spread of waterborne disease to downstream users and the environment. ( Municipal Technology Branch U.S. EPA, 1999 ) Chlorination is the most common method of disinfection. Chlorine is effectual at killing most bacteriums, viruses and Protozoa that rise hazards to human wellness. The reactions of Cl in effluent are shown as below: Chlorine2+ H2O > HOCl + H-Cl Chlorine Hypochlorous Gas Gas HOCl + OCl + H Hypochlorite Ion In chlorination intervention, Cl must be removed before treated H2O is released due to chlorine is itself toxic to marine life. Sodium bisulfite is added to the treated H2O to take any Cl residue. ( Patrick, n.d. ) Besides, ultraviolet light disinfection is a physical procedure that transportations electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of about 4 to 400 nanometers from a quicksilver discharge lamp to an being ‘s familial stuff ( DNA and RNA ) . When UV radiation, generated by an electrical discharge through quicksilver vapour, penetrates the familial stuff of micro-organisms and idiots their ability to reproduce. ( Anon. , 1999 ) UV disinfect at wavelength of about 254nm is most efficient for disinfection intent. This procedure adds nil to the H2O but UV light, therefore, there is no residuary consequence that can be harmful to worlds or aquatic life. In add-on, UV is an effectual germicide for chlorine-resistant Protozoa like Cryptosporidium and Giardia. However, UV disinfection is non every bit cost-efficient as chlorination. Recently, ozone has begun to acquire attending as a effluent disinfection method. Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three O atoms, the gas will readily degrade back to O, and during this passage a free O atom or free group is formed. Most wastewater intervention workss generate ozone by enforcing a high electromotive force jumping current ( 6 to 20 kVs ) across a dielectric discharge spread that contains an oxygen-bearing gas. Ozone is a really strong oxidizer and viricide. It has greater disinfection effectivity in taking virus and bacteriums present in H2O due to direct oxidization or devastation of the cell wall with escape of cellular components outside of the cell, reactions with extremist byproducts of ozone decomposition and harm to the components of the nucleic acids. ( Anon. , 1999 ) Ozone is besides known to cut down the concentration of Fe, S and manganese and extinguish olfactory property and gustatory sensation jobs. Ozone oxides the manganese, sulfur and Fe into in dissoluble metal oxides. These indissoluble atoms are subsequently removed by filtration. Furthermore, ozone increases the O content of H2O, a good side-effect of disinfection. 2.1.5 Third Treatment After biochemical debasement of the sewerage in the secondary intervention, the clarified wastewater is farther treated to take non-biodegradable toxic organic pollutants, disable disease doing beings and viruses, and other man-made pollutants. ( Anon. , n.d. ) After this intervention, the waste H2O becomes relatively safer and can be discharged into the environment. There are three chief third intervention procedures, which are filtration, lagooning, and alimentary remotion. In the filtration procedure, sand or activated C are used to filtrate the effluent. The H2O is made to go through through a bed of sand activated C, so that the particulate affair in the H2O adheres to the filter medium and gets removed from the H2O. Sand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair whereas filtration over activated C removes residuary toxins. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Lagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by consuming the biodegradable atoms in the sewerage H2O ( taking all right particulates ) . Removal of foods nitrogen and P is necessary as their inordinate release to the environment can take to a buildup of foods, called eutrophication that in a manner lead to the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This lead to a phenomenon called Algae Bloom, where there is a rapid growing in the population of unsustainable algae which finally dies. As the bacterium works on the decomposition of these algae, they use up excessively much of O which may take to the decease of most of the aquatic biology which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Therefore, remotion of foods is indispensable measure in third effluent intervention. Phosphate remotion is achieved by precipitation as Ca phosphate. Besides, N is removed through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrification ) , followed by the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas ( denitrification ) . Nitrogen gas is released in the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6 Sludge Treatment Sludge is produced from the intervention of effluent in on-site ( infected armored combat vehicle ) and off-site ( activated sludge ) systems. The sludge are likely to incorporate microorganisms which may lend to the transmittal of diseases, every bit good as organic and inorganic contaminations which may be risky or toxic to worlds or have damaging effects on the environment in general. Therefore, all sludge must be treated before recycling or disposal and the grade of intervention depends on the intended concluding usage. The intervention procedure may affect thickener, dewatering, digestion, composting, and concluding disposal. 2.1.6.1 Sludge Thickening Thickening of sludge increases its solids content and reduces the volume of free H2O thereby minimising the unit burden on downstream procedures such as digestion and dewatering. The most normally used inspissating procedures include gravitation thickener, dissolved air floatation and extractor thickener. Gravity thickener is normally carried out in a round armored combat vehicle where the sludge is fed to the armored combat vehicle through a centre provender good. The provender sludge is allowed to settle and the thickened sludge is withdrawn from the underside of the armored combat vehicle. Conventional sludge roll uping mechanisms with deep trusses or perpendicular lookouts are used to stir the sludge gently thereby easing the release of H2O from the sludge. The supernatant flow is returned either to the primary subsiding armored combat vehicles or to the influent of the intervention works, whereas the thickened sludge is pumped to digesters or dewatering installations. Typically, sludge can be thickened to approximately 2 to 3 % for solids derived from activated sludge or RBC systems, whilst for primary sludge and dribbling filter sludge, they can be thickened to approximately 4 to 6 per centum solids concentration. ( Alturkmani, 2012 ) Flotation thickener is a solid-liquid separation procedure. Separation is unnaturally induced by presenting all right gas bubbles into the floatation procedure system. The gas bubbles become affiliated to the solid particulates, organizing a gas-solid sum with an overall majority denseness less than the denseness of the liquid. Therefore, these sums float on the surface of the fluid. Once the solid atoms have been floated to the surface, they can be collected by a skimming operation. ( Lawrence K Wang, n.d. ) Centrifuges are a compact, simple, flexible, self-contained unit. They have the disadvantages of high capitals, care and power costs and frequently a hapless, solids-capture efficiency if chemicals are non used for bio sludge. However, they have extra advantage of less infinite demand, less odour potency and housework demand. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Centrifugal thickener is acceleration of deposit through the usage of centrifugal force. Centrifuges are normally used for inspissating waste activated sludge. Primary sludge is usually non fed to centrifugate as it may incorporate scratchy stuff. 2.6.1.2 Stabilzsation Stabilization is the term used to denote the procedure of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) decrease. The stabilisation procedure can be carried out under aerobic or anaerobiotic conditions. In anaerobiotic system, the sludge is passed through a well-mixed digester at 35 °C. The procedure is uninterrupted and takes 15-20 yearss. The organic stuff interruptions down in the digester to bring forth methane gas and C dioxide. The gas is burned to heat the digester or in really big workss to bring forth electricity through a combined heat and power works. Digested sludge has a low smell and H2O is easy removed to cut down volume. The procedure kills potentially harmful bacteriums and can be enhanced by usage of high force per unit area or sonic systems which destroy bacteriums cells. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Aerobic stabilisation is carry out in an aeration armored combat vehicle with the nowadays of O which is same manual as in an activated sludge procedure. Due to the high O demand, this procedure is energy intensive and high costs. In aerophilic digestion, sludge stabilisation is achieved when aerophilic and facultative micro-organisms convert biodegradable organic affair in an environment where aeration is provided. End merchandises of the digestion are chiefly C dioxide, H2O and non-biodegradable stuffs. 2.1.6.3 Sludge Conditioning Sludge conditioning is a procedure that sludge solids are treated with chemicals to fix the sludge for dewatering procedures. Chemical conditioning prepares the sludge for better economical intervention with vacuity filters or extractors. Sulfuric acid, alum, chlorinated copperas, ferric sulphate, and ferrous chloride with or without calcium hydroxide are common chemicals that used in this procedure. The intent of adding chemicals to the sludge is to take down or increase its pH value to a point where little atoms coagulate into larger 1s and the H2O in the sludge solids is given up most readily. Thermal conditioning has two rudimentss which are wet air oxidization and heat intervention. Wet air oxidization play a function in reduces the sludge to an ash whereas heat intervention improves the dewaterability of the sludge. This procedure produces a more readily dewaterable sludge and besides provides effectual disinfection of the sludge. Blending is a procedure where two or more types of sludge are â€Å"blended† together to ease a higher sludge solids concentration and a more homogeneous mixture of sludge prior to dewatering. Blending operations tends to diminish the chemical demand for conditioning and dewatering sludge. The blending operation normally takes topographic point in sludge keeping armored combat vehicles usually where primary sludge is assorted with waste activated sludge. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.4 Dewatering Sludge dewatering is a procedure that taking H2O from sludge. The most common manner to dewater sludge is to physically squash the H2O out of the sludge. The usual dewatering method are pressure filtration dewatering, belt imperativeness dewatering filtration, air sludge drying procedures, sludge dewatering centrifugation and vacuity filtration. Furthermore, a sludge desiccant can be utilized at the terminal of the procedure. Desiccants are oven like equipment that really bakes out the H2O. 2.1.6.5 Volume Decrease Sludge incineration is the thermic devastation of sludge by oxidization at high temperature, this procedure besides known as burning. The gases from burning must be kept at temperature of 677?C to 760?C until they are wholly burned. Wet air oxidization is one of the methods for the intervention of aqueous effluents. In wet air oxidization aqueous waste is oxidized in the liquid stage at high temperatures of 400K to 573 K and force per unit areas of 0.5MPa to 20 MPa in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.6 Sludge Disposal 2.1.7 Safe Disposal of Wastewater Wastewater intervention workss must dispose of the remainders ensuing from effluent intervention.