Personal finance Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Personal finance - Essay Example My concerns over the job market, the economy, and my student loan debt have led me to consider going to school for an additional year and earning a B.Ed. with teaching certificate so that I have a backup employment plan for the future. 1. Financial goals for the next 2 years (or until graduation with the 4 year degree). Monthly budget (show typical month to include a monthly pro-rate as needed (for each year). To some extent you have already done this. You can use spreadsheet following the basic outline of the budgets from worksheet #1 in the workbook. In a footnote add an explanation of any extraordinary items not contained in a monthly budget. After graduating, I have a two year grace period on my student loans to get settled, find a job, and begin building my career. It would make sense to start saving to build a cushion for emergencies and a base of savings to help cover bill payments. I will owe around $20,000 in student loans upon graduation, which I expect to pay off in 8 to 10 years. I have around $4000 in credit card debt from books, clothes, and other living expenses in school that I will need to manage. After graduation, I would like to travel for three months to Mexico and Latin America, and will budget around $4,000 to $5,000 in travel expenses for the trip. I expect to fund half of that through my own work and half through family gifts at graduation. In my first 2 years after college, I hope to receive a job paying in the $40,000 to $50,000 per year working for the company with which I did my internship last year. To date, I have applied but not heard back on my resume. With a budget of $40,000, I will receive around $2800 per mnoth after taxes for my budget: 2. Financial Goals for the next 8-10 years. Specific strategies to achieve them like income, major expenditures, saving amounts, and investment rate of return of targeted investments. Complete from information in worksheets and display on a spreadsheet for each year.

Analysis the Sprint Nextel Corp Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analysis the Sprint Nextel Corp - Essay Example In 2001, it became the first company to introduce a wireless Java for networking. Sprint Nextel Corporation offers a range of fixed, mobile, and broadband communications products and services. Sprint Nextel is widely recognized for developing, engineering and deploying innovative technologies. Internationally, it is known for internet networking and major development in technology. The cost of debt for the company can be computed by analyzing the various components of debts. These include bond issues, treasury bills, loans etc. Sprint Nextel has a variety of bond issues with different maturities (see table 1). This analysis will focus on the head quarter’s debt component analysis only (see table2). The coupons outlined here are three with the respective maturity dates. The value of a similar bond at similar rates is analyzed as having a par value of $1000 for the Canadian debt and $2500 for the unsecured notes. These are used to find the price of each bond. By discounting the annuity and the lump sum at maturity for each bond, the price of each bond is obtained. This method uses trial and error to ascertain the cost of each bond. The assumption made is that similar bonds yield $1000 and $2500 respectively. This is for the purposes of discounting the return of the bond towards a set amount of expected as per today. Further analysis shows that the price of each bond is effective once we added the tax factor. The assumed taxation factor in the United States is 35%. The after tax cost of each bond is obtained by multiplying the cost of bond (pre-tax) with the factor (1-tax rate). Another aspect to consider is that the company is financed by a long term loan. Given the worldwide economic crisis, the cost of repayment of loans has tremendous increased by 5%. An assumption is made that the loan of $166,855 has an interest rate of 16%. This is the cost of this loan. The total cost of debt is the mean of the cost of the loan and the bond issues. Accounting for th is, the cost of debt is obtained as 6.19% The cost of equity: The equity components are ordinary share capital and preference share capital. To obtain the cost of equity, I will include the ordinary capital in this case. This is done by obtaining the dividend payable in the coming year divided by the current market price and then multiplying it by dividend growth. For the last three years, the financial statements indicate no dividend payment made by the firm. This trend is assumed to be continuous in the coming year. Therefore the dividend value per share is zero and the growth is also zero. The current market share value stands at $ 2.74. By doing the necessary computation, the cost of equity is zero. Weighted average cost of capital WACC is obtained by adding weight to the various capital components i.e. debt and equity. Capital is made up of equity and debt in this firm. By summing debt and equity, I get their weights as: the debt has a total weight of 44% and equity has a total weight of 56%. These percentages are then multiplied by the above computation of cost of debt and equity respectively. The two are added giving WACC of 3.45% The firm’s beta The firm’s beta is a measure of risk to the company. This is obtained through the use of the indexes for United States multiplying with the cost of capital. The beta stands at 1.16 which is indicates low risk measure. This can be unlevered by adding tax aspect to obtain 0.61. Debt to equity ratio of Sprint is obtained as 27.7 this indicates low risk to the company. Calculations: Table 1 - combined industry bond issues SECURITY Coupon Amount Maturity Unsecured senior notes 7.625 1650 1/30/11 Unsecured senior

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Kalabagh Dam And Hydroelectric Power In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay The Kalabagh Dam was one of the proposed projects in Pakistan when it comes to hydroelectric power plants in the country. The proposed Kalabagh Dam was supposed to be built on Indus River. Government of Pakistan was the patronage authority in the construction. Mianwali District was selected as the proposed site of the damn exactly situated at Kalabagh. The region was close to the border of Punjab and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The very inception of this project was controversial and different governments had a serious debate on the construction of this reservoir. It was finally in December 2005 when, then General Pervez Musharraf, the President of Pakistan announced that Kalabagh Dam will be constructed for the greater interest of Pakistan. He made several arrangements for the construction as well during his regime. It was back in May 2008 when Raja Pervez Ashraf, the Federal Minister for Water and Power of Pakistan called off the Kalabagh Dam project. Raja Pervez Ashraf further justified his decision by stating that Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Sindh and other stakeholders involved in the project were opposing severely and it was not feasible. The Prime Minister of Pakistan, Yousaf Raza Gilani stated in one of his interviews post the 2010 Flood that devastation would have been way less if Kalabagh Dam was constructed. Kalabagh Dam was a multi-purpose project in terms of nature and was expected to have a storage capacity of 6.1 million acre feet (MAF). The project was expected to back the Water Apportionment Accord (WAA) that happened in 1991 according to which the irrigation system to provinces was to be streamlined. In addition to this, the objective of Kalabagh Dam was the availability of cheap hydropower. The National Grid was expecting a rise of 3600MW in the production capacity. Kalabagh Dam was supposed to take up 110,500 sq. Miles of Catchment area in the Kalabagh Region in District Mianwali. According to the statistical analysis, the location had a maximum flood record of 1,200,200 cusecs of water back in 1929. The average annual water flow at the location is found to be an enormous 91.4 MAF that best suits the location to be turned into a Dam. Kalabagh Dam was a mega project with an expected gross capacity of 7.9 MAF and live capacity of 6.1 MAF. It was planned that Kalabagh Dam is going to have power units each generating 300MW, 12 in quantity with the turbine head design of 170 feet. The complete powerhouse was an indoor one and the production in the initial phase was expected to be around 2400MW and ultimately rise to 3600MW in the running phase. The expected cost of this project back in 1997 was somewhat around Rs. 250 Billion when the US Dollar was floating at Rs. 45. Kalabagh Dam was planned for the greater interest of the country and its resources. Pakistan being one of the blessed countries around the world has a lot of fresh water supplies round the year. The geography of this country is well suited for dams and water storages both for storage purposes and power generation purposes. Kalabagh Dam was proposed for settling down the irrigation system and had hydropower potentials as well. The greatest advantage of Kalabagh dam was that it was rendering great results on an extremely affordable price tag. Kalabagh Dam was the least expensive multi-purpose solution to both the irrigation and power outages. Both the irrigation and power generation capacities of Pakistan were expected to rise considerably through the project. It was expected to be the second great irrigation system after the Indus Basin Project in the late 1960s with similar role of making a good start towards a unified national water resource development-cum-management system. The project was all set to start in 1980s and the project would have been in the working condition by 21st Century according to the technology back then. The controversy started developing from the very start of the project and rose from the province of Sindh and Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The controversies were all entirely based on lack of information or hear say. There were reservations in the minds of many people around these provinces based on pure conservative thoughts. There were many revisions made in the initial phase in order to make it seem friendly to an average mind but that too, was of no use. LITERATURE REVIEW As stated earlier, the construction of Kalabagh Dam triggered a great controversy amongst the four provinces of Pakistan. It was just Punjab that favored the project that is also the strongest province amongst the four. The other three provinces expressed their reservations and dissatisfaction on the project and their provincial assemblies passed resolution against the proposal. This places the project into the consideration phase for a long time until it was confirmed in 2005 and then rejected in 2008. WAPDA has already highlighted the fact that Pakistan is going to be facing severe water shortage in the future if nothing was done to create storages. The water availability in 1951 was as low as 5260 cubic meters while it fell to 1038 cubic meters in 2010 whereas the population was 34 million and 172 million respectively. According to statistics, the least to maintain the states of a water sufficient country is 1000+ cubic meters of water. There are even assumptions that the construction of dam is going to adversely affect the environment as well as any other large dam does. The construction might also displace a number of people from the site locations. The construction was planned to initiate in 1984 but didnt start even as yet. Punjabs Point of View: Punjab is the only province in complete favor of the Kalabagh Dam as this project was expected to supply both water and hydro-electric power for a very nominal cost. Water demands in Punjab are also higher as the population here is great as compared to other parts of the country. The water that flows into the Arabian Sea is a pure waste for those living in Punjab where the water can be used to irrigate lands that are infertile. Punjab is in dire need of two dams apart from just the Kalabagh Dam at Bhasha and Skardu. Kalabagh Dams site is best suited and this would have been built at the first place according to the needs of the province. The dam was best suited to irrigate Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar. Punjab is the province that will be affected to the maximum extent if the Kalabagh Dam is not built. The Water Treaty between Pakistan and India that initiated in 1960s set the royalty of Sutlej and Bias into the hands of India. Ever since this treaty was signed, the Ravi, Sutlej and Bias are used only the season of floods when India needs to release water. Electricity produced by water is the cheapest amongst all that is produced by other resources. The province even agreed that it is not going to claim any royalty despite the fact that the location of Kalabagh was situated in Punjab. Sindhs Point of View: The strongest of the opponents of Kalabagh Dam is Sindh on grounds of theft of water by Punjab. Sindh claims that Indus River belongs to it by virtue of the name and history. Sindh further claimed that the construction of Mangla and Tarbela was the greatest theft of water that was used for irrigation in Singh. Sindh raised objection on the share of Indus water that they receive. The claim was that Kalabagh Dam will irrigate Punjab and North-West Frontier Province. Sindh also claimed that the coastal areas of the province demand constant supplies of water into the Arabian Sea so that the water from the sea does not intrude into the land. This intruding would leave a lot of area of Sindh into saline desert that will come up as an environmental issue. This will also destroy the coastal mangroves. The construction of Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam already turned the mighty Indus River turn into a stream post the Kotri Barrage in Hyderabad. They also justified that big dams cannot made on water that comes mainly from rain as it does not rain throughout the year. If there was no rain, Sindh didnt see any water post the Kotri Barrage. The location is said to be unsuitable for such a construction as there are numerous fractures on the lowest point of the valley. There were a number of other environmental problems that were not addressed in the past. Silt is the greatest of the issues that can cause water shortage affecting the capacity of Manchar Lake and Haleji Lake. The Sindhis were not convinced with the efforts of President Musharraf and the Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz referring to the water theft that took place in 1991. Political Parties like Muttahida Qaumi Movement who was in favor of General Musharraf and was ally in the Federal Assembly were severely opposing the idea of Kalabagh Dam. Parties like PMLN retracted themselves from their stances stating that the Dam should be built for the greater interest of the country. Khyber Pakhtunkhwas Point of View: Khyber Pakhtunkhwas point of view is pretty different from that of other provinces. Their first claim was that Punjab was never good at fulfilling promises. The province was not even credible for keeping up the constitutional guarantees. Another of their concern was with reference to the Ghazi-Barotha hydro electric power. They claim that the entire canal system of Ghazi-Barotha system run in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa while the turbines lie 500 meters within the Punjab province but the royalty is rejected to Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. The royalty of generation of Kalabagh dam became an issue even when the project was finalized as people living in the Khyber Pakhtunkhwa expected the Federal Government to be unjust in giving royalty to the province instead expected them to go for the favor of Punjab. They also stated that the Nowshehra District will be submerged by the dam and there will be even more region of the province being affected from water-logging and salinity. Balochistans Point of View: Balochistan is not directly affected by the Kalabagh Dam rather there have been a number of nationalists Baloch Standards that consider that Punjab has been ruling the smaller provinces in the past. DISCUSSION Kalabagh dam has been a dispute ever since the very idea was incepted. There have been severe opposition to the construction of Kalabagh Dam through all times from three Provinces of Pakistan and none apart from Punjab only have favored the construction of Kalabagh Dam. There were different grounds posed by other provincial governments justifying that Kalabagh Dam should not be constructed. General Pervez Musharraf, ex-president Pakistan had subtle plans to construct Kalabagh Dam in 2016 according to the feasibility report (Fulcher, 2006). The dam site close to Kohat region and the Khewra salt mines was controversial from the very first day and the later was the largest operating salt mine around the world. There was a huge risk that the salt will leach in huge quantities from the ranges into the river Indus and the overall hydrology of the region is going to change drastically. This came up as another great concern to the opponents who were not in the favor of Kalabagh Dam. The aforementioned literature review has set a lot of things clear to us including the advantages and disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam. The Water and Power Development Authority has suggested that the total land that will be submerged as a result of Kalabagh Dam is around 14,000 hectares (Fulcher, 2006). There were certain independent assessments as well some of which went high up to a massive 74,000 hectares. The later assessments were all exaggerated and were meant for nothing but propaganda against the proposed developmental projects. Even the first part of the assessment did not account for the land that will be inundated in case of a river flood occurrence. It even does not account for the land that will be taken up in case the level of the river rose. The construction of Kalabagh Dam has a number of advantages apart from the few disadvantages too. There is no way that we can ignore the disadvantages but we can certainly look for ways to reduce the impact. There are advocated distributed all across the country apart from the opponents. The major advocacy comes from the province of Punjab and from the technocrats of Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah. They have a number of claims to advocate that Kalabagh Dam is going to assist the country getting rid of power and water shortage. The best advocacy lies in the water shortage. As mentioned above, Pakistan is moving towards a state where water scarcity is going to prevail and the possibility of one dam on the Indus River (Iyer, 2006) comes up as the best justification that sets Kalabagh Dam an important project. It is not only agriculture that Kalabagh Dam is associated with but also electricity. There has been a serious power shortage for years now and the most appropriate solution to the shortage is hydroelectric power that Pakistan has the potential of generating at a very reasonable price. The manufacturing sector of the country needs Kalabagh Dam for the power issue for a sustainable progress of the country (Khan, 2009). Mangla Dam, Tarbela Dam, Chashma Barrage were excellent projects that provided Pakistan with water for irrigation and power at the same place but the siltation process has caused a lot of volume deficit. The sedimentation in the dam cannot be dealt with until or unless an alternative is built and the best alternative perhaps is Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam will come up as an addition storage volume that will meet the water deficiency in the early Kharif period ranging from the months of April-June. This has a critical value for the cotton crop growing in Sindh. The Kalabagh Dam, on the whole will allocate water according to the WAA-1991 and will regulate high flood risks in the Indus river as well as producing Hydro-Power to power the whole of Pakistan (Khokhar, 2008). In times when Tarbela was not build, the annual average water escape was 38 Million Acre Feet below Kotri that rose to 64 later on. With the construction of Kalabagh Dam, this can be brought back to 32MAF (Al-Khobar, 2011). Another 26MAF out of this 32 can be easily controlled and utilized to bring the backward areas of Pakistan into use by using the national water resources development approach. The primary energy source of Pakistan is oil and gas where the demand oil and gas in the country is estimated to be around 51 million tonnes of oil equivalent (TOE) (The Nations, 2010). Pakistan is producing 34 million TOE annually while the deficit is met through imports primarily. As an alternative to this, the large scale hydropower incorporated with a multi-purpose storage can help reduce the cost of electric supply within the reach of a standard consumer. The best part of Kalabagh Dam is the addition of 2400 MW of electric power to the National Grid in the early phase and ultimately rising to 3600 MW installed power (WAPDA). This will greatly reduce the load shedding issue that the country is facing as of now with the industry and production going in serious debt. A neutral debate will get in a lot more then this into account and one can find another set of advantages of Kalabagh Dam for the prosperity and integrity of this country. The greatest of them is a reduced dependency on imported fuels that accounts for a huge sum of our foreign reserve. Kalabagh Dam can ensure economic prosperity of Pakistan if the project is handled with care. It also produces employment for 30,000 individuals around the country during the construction phase and there will be a lot more who will be employed after the project is commissioned. Construction price is another concern for Government of Pakistan while the direct benefits from Kalabagh dam suggest that the dam will pay 25 billion per annum therefore accounting for the whole investment in 9-10 years (Khokhar, 2008). The energy generated at Kalabagh Dam is expected to be around 20 million barrels of oil annually. This will help cutting short the import budget as well as the transportation and handling charges that are charged for processing the imported oil. Apart from the economic point of view, the Kalabagh Dam Project has several social benefits too out of which settling down of the grievance from Southern Punjab are the greatest of all. Kalabagh Dam is going to irrigate major parts of Bahawalpur and Bahawalnagar therefore a major grievance from the region will be settled down itself. In addition, Punjab province does not claim any royalty on the generation of resources from Kalabagh Dam, it is just the deficiency of trust that does not let this project happen. CONCLUSION Pakistan is into a state where the deficiencies are at its peaks. Pakistan has long been known as an agricultural country and agriculture is not possible without irrigation. The current situation is moving rapidly towards water scarcity therefore causing serious harm to the agricultural sector of Pakistan. In addition to that, the electric power generation sources have all been exhausted. Even Mangla Dam and Tarbela Dam have moved into the last stages of their lives, the need of Kalabagh Dam this minute is critical to meet the needs of both irrigation and power. There are numerous disadvantages of the construction of Kalabagh Dam that has raised a serious opposition from other parts of the country mainly from Khyber Pakhtoonkhuwah and Sindh Provinces. The overall opposition has been propagated so well that the common man living in these regions talks about the disadvantages of Kalabagh Dam and not about the advantages. This is not just it: Punjab has long been known as the powerful dictating province that is another serious hindrance in the construction of Kalabagh Dam. Kalabagh Dam, once constructed will render a number of advantages to the country both socially and economically cutting short the power deficit that prevails in the country. I am sitting in dark this minute due to power shortage here in Pakistan and there is no solution that seems to be apart from construction of hydroelectric power that is both cheap and convenient..

NO Mandatory Community Service for Students! Essay -- Argumentative Pe

NO Mandatory Community Service for Students! Community service: What a wonderful opportunity for students! A chance for our younger citizens to learn responsibility, experience the satisfaction that comes with helping others and to acquire new skills. Right? Well, that depends who you're talking to. Slip the word "mandatory" behind community service, as school districts in Maryland, Washington, D.C., and hundreds of others have done, and "opportunity" takes a new twist. Opportunity for who? For the students, or for the communities that can now capitalize on students' free labor? (Martin, pg. 13) More than two decades ago, President Nixon ended the military draft. Now a new and more menacing form of enlistment is threatening our school systems. This enlistment I am speaking of is that we are forcing "community service" to be a requirement for high school graduation. Compulsory service programs, already functioning in many communities, typically giving students four years to complete, say, 60 hours of labor. The students must not receive any payment. They can choose whether to serve the elderly, or the poor, or the disabled, so long as they serve others rather than themselves. The penalty for dodging this new draft is simple: no diploma. In Bethlehem, Pennsylvania, angry parents and students took the local school board to court, arguing that such a mandatory service program for high school students imposed the kind ...

Safe Disposal of Wastewater – Disinfection

2.1.4 Disinfection Disinfection is the primary mechanism for the inactivation or devastation of infective beings to forestall the spread of waterborne disease to downstream users and the environment. ( Municipal Technology Branch U.S. EPA, 1999 ) Chlorination is the most common method of disinfection. Chlorine is effectual at killing most bacteriums, viruses and Protozoa that rise hazards to human wellness. The reactions of Cl in effluent are shown as below: Chlorine2+ H2O > HOCl + H-Cl Chlorine Hypochlorous Gas Gas HOCl + OCl + H Hypochlorite Ion In chlorination intervention, Cl must be removed before treated H2O is released due to chlorine is itself toxic to marine life. Sodium bisulfite is added to the treated H2O to take any Cl residue. ( Patrick, n.d. ) Besides, ultraviolet light disinfection is a physical procedure that transportations electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength of about 4 to 400 nanometers from a quicksilver discharge lamp to an being ‘s familial stuff ( DNA and RNA ) . When UV radiation, generated by an electrical discharge through quicksilver vapour, penetrates the familial stuff of micro-organisms and idiots their ability to reproduce. ( Anon. , 1999 ) UV disinfect at wavelength of about 254nm is most efficient for disinfection intent. This procedure adds nil to the H2O but UV light, therefore, there is no residuary consequence that can be harmful to worlds or aquatic life. In add-on, UV is an effectual germicide for chlorine-resistant Protozoa like Cryptosporidium and Giardia. However, UV disinfection is non every bit cost-efficient as chlorination. Recently, ozone has begun to acquire attending as a effluent disinfection method. Ozone is an unstable gas comprising of three O atoms, the gas will readily degrade back to O, and during this passage a free O atom or free group is formed. Most wastewater intervention workss generate ozone by enforcing a high electromotive force jumping current ( 6 to 20 kVs ) across a dielectric discharge spread that contains an oxygen-bearing gas. Ozone is a really strong oxidizer and viricide. It has greater disinfection effectivity in taking virus and bacteriums present in H2O due to direct oxidization or devastation of the cell wall with escape of cellular components outside of the cell, reactions with extremist byproducts of ozone decomposition and harm to the components of the nucleic acids. ( Anon. , 1999 ) Ozone is besides known to cut down the concentration of Fe, S and manganese and extinguish olfactory property and gustatory sensation jobs. Ozone oxides the manganese, sulfur and Fe into in dissoluble metal oxides. These indissoluble atoms are subsequently removed by filtration. Furthermore, ozone increases the O content of H2O, a good side-effect of disinfection. 2.1.5 Third Treatment After biochemical debasement of the sewerage in the secondary intervention, the clarified wastewater is farther treated to take non-biodegradable toxic organic pollutants, disable disease doing beings and viruses, and other man-made pollutants. ( Anon. , n.d. ) After this intervention, the waste H2O becomes relatively safer and can be discharged into the environment. There are three chief third intervention procedures, which are filtration, lagooning, and alimentary remotion. In the filtration procedure, sand or activated C are used to filtrate the effluent. The H2O is made to go through through a bed of sand activated C, so that the particulate affair in the H2O adheres to the filter medium and gets removed from the H2O. Sand filtration removes much of the residuary suspended affair whereas filtration over activated C removes residuary toxins. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Lagooning provides colony and farther biological betterment through storage in big semisynthetic pools or lagunas. These lagunas are extremely aerophilic and colonisation by native macrophytes, particularly reeds, is frequently encouraged. Small filter feeding invertebrates such as Daphnia and species of Rotifera greatly assist in intervention by consuming the biodegradable atoms in the sewerage H2O ( taking all right particulates ) . Removal of foods nitrogen and P is necessary as their inordinate release to the environment can take to a buildup of foods, called eutrophication that in a manner lead to the giantism of weeds, algae, and blue-green algaes ( bluish green algae ) . This lead to a phenomenon called Algae Bloom, where there is a rapid growing in the population of unsustainable algae which finally dies. As the bacterium works on the decomposition of these algae, they use up excessively much of O which may take to the decease of most of the aquatic biology which creates more organic affair for the bacteriums to break up. In add-on to doing deoxygenation, some algal species produce toxins that contaminate imbibing H2O supplies. Therefore, remotion of foods is indispensable measure in third effluent intervention. Phosphate remotion is achieved by precipitation as Ca phosphate. Besides, N is removed through the biological oxidization of N from ammonium hydroxide to nitrate ( nitrification ) , followed by the decrease of nitrate to nitrogen gas ( denitrification ) . Nitrogen gas is released in the ambiance and therefore removed from the H2O. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6 Sludge Treatment Sludge is produced from the intervention of effluent in on-site ( infected armored combat vehicle ) and off-site ( activated sludge ) systems. The sludge are likely to incorporate microorganisms which may lend to the transmittal of diseases, every bit good as organic and inorganic contaminations which may be risky or toxic to worlds or have damaging effects on the environment in general. Therefore, all sludge must be treated before recycling or disposal and the grade of intervention depends on the intended concluding usage. The intervention procedure may affect thickener, dewatering, digestion, composting, and concluding disposal. 2.1.6.1 Sludge Thickening Thickening of sludge increases its solids content and reduces the volume of free H2O thereby minimising the unit burden on downstream procedures such as digestion and dewatering. The most normally used inspissating procedures include gravitation thickener, dissolved air floatation and extractor thickener. Gravity thickener is normally carried out in a round armored combat vehicle where the sludge is fed to the armored combat vehicle through a centre provender good. The provender sludge is allowed to settle and the thickened sludge is withdrawn from the underside of the armored combat vehicle. Conventional sludge roll uping mechanisms with deep trusses or perpendicular lookouts are used to stir the sludge gently thereby easing the release of H2O from the sludge. The supernatant flow is returned either to the primary subsiding armored combat vehicles or to the influent of the intervention works, whereas the thickened sludge is pumped to digesters or dewatering installations. Typically, sludge can be thickened to approximately 2 to 3 % for solids derived from activated sludge or RBC systems, whilst for primary sludge and dribbling filter sludge, they can be thickened to approximately 4 to 6 per centum solids concentration. ( Alturkmani, 2012 ) Flotation thickener is a solid-liquid separation procedure. Separation is unnaturally induced by presenting all right gas bubbles into the floatation procedure system. The gas bubbles become affiliated to the solid particulates, organizing a gas-solid sum with an overall majority denseness less than the denseness of the liquid. Therefore, these sums float on the surface of the fluid. Once the solid atoms have been floated to the surface, they can be collected by a skimming operation. ( Lawrence K Wang, n.d. ) Centrifuges are a compact, simple, flexible, self-contained unit. They have the disadvantages of high capitals, care and power costs and frequently a hapless, solids-capture efficiency if chemicals are non used for bio sludge. However, they have extra advantage of less infinite demand, less odour potency and housework demand. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Centrifugal thickener is acceleration of deposit through the usage of centrifugal force. Centrifuges are normally used for inspissating waste activated sludge. Primary sludge is usually non fed to centrifugate as it may incorporate scratchy stuff. 2.6.1.2 Stabilzsation Stabilization is the term used to denote the procedure of biochemical O demand ( BOD ) decrease. The stabilisation procedure can be carried out under aerobic or anaerobiotic conditions. In anaerobiotic system, the sludge is passed through a well-mixed digester at 35 °C. The procedure is uninterrupted and takes 15-20 yearss. The organic stuff interruptions down in the digester to bring forth methane gas and C dioxide. The gas is burned to heat the digester or in really big workss to bring forth electricity through a combined heat and power works. Digested sludge has a low smell and H2O is easy removed to cut down volume. The procedure kills potentially harmful bacteriums and can be enhanced by usage of high force per unit area or sonic systems which destroy bacteriums cells. ( Anon. , n.d. ) Aerobic stabilisation is carry out in an aeration armored combat vehicle with the nowadays of O which is same manual as in an activated sludge procedure. Due to the high O demand, this procedure is energy intensive and high costs. In aerophilic digestion, sludge stabilisation is achieved when aerophilic and facultative micro-organisms convert biodegradable organic affair in an environment where aeration is provided. End merchandises of the digestion are chiefly C dioxide, H2O and non-biodegradable stuffs. 2.1.6.3 Sludge Conditioning Sludge conditioning is a procedure that sludge solids are treated with chemicals to fix the sludge for dewatering procedures. Chemical conditioning prepares the sludge for better economical intervention with vacuity filters or extractors. Sulfuric acid, alum, chlorinated copperas, ferric sulphate, and ferrous chloride with or without calcium hydroxide are common chemicals that used in this procedure. The intent of adding chemicals to the sludge is to take down or increase its pH value to a point where little atoms coagulate into larger 1s and the H2O in the sludge solids is given up most readily. Thermal conditioning has two rudimentss which are wet air oxidization and heat intervention. Wet air oxidization play a function in reduces the sludge to an ash whereas heat intervention improves the dewaterability of the sludge. This procedure produces a more readily dewaterable sludge and besides provides effectual disinfection of the sludge. Blending is a procedure where two or more types of sludge are â€Å"blended† together to ease a higher sludge solids concentration and a more homogeneous mixture of sludge prior to dewatering. Blending operations tends to diminish the chemical demand for conditioning and dewatering sludge. The blending operation normally takes topographic point in sludge keeping armored combat vehicles usually where primary sludge is assorted with waste activated sludge. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.4 Dewatering Sludge dewatering is a procedure that taking H2O from sludge. The most common manner to dewater sludge is to physically squash the H2O out of the sludge. The usual dewatering method are pressure filtration dewatering, belt imperativeness dewatering filtration, air sludge drying procedures, sludge dewatering centrifugation and vacuity filtration. Furthermore, a sludge desiccant can be utilized at the terminal of the procedure. Desiccants are oven like equipment that really bakes out the H2O. 2.1.6.5 Volume Decrease Sludge incineration is the thermic devastation of sludge by oxidization at high temperature, this procedure besides known as burning. The gases from burning must be kept at temperature of 677?C to 760?C until they are wholly burned. Wet air oxidization is one of the methods for the intervention of aqueous effluents. In wet air oxidization aqueous waste is oxidized in the liquid stage at high temperatures of 400K to 573 K and force per unit areas of 0.5MPa to 20 MPa in the presence of an oxygen-containing gas. ( Anon. , n.d. ) 2.1.6.6 Sludge Disposal 2.1.7 Safe Disposal of Wastewater Wastewater intervention workss must dispose of the remainders ensuing from effluent intervention.

“MYD Program”

The Make Your Day Program is shaped to develop classroom management through evaluation and assessment as academic protocols in enhancing the student’s performance in school as well as with the development of the â€Å"guidance† aided by the school instructors. Consequently, on the case presented, the most efficient way to bring back the enthusiasm of the student is through the utilization of parent-teacher collaboration and Make Your Day Program philosophies—â€Å"do what is expected and do it the best you can†Ã¢â‚¬â€which provides the student the opportunity to engage in self-peer-teacher evaluation tackling their efforts and behaviors on an everyday basis with corresponding points.   Conceivably, with the aide of constant communication and opening up the emotion of the child and making the student share the presupposed reason for the actions, the predicament shall then be given ample attention and analysis so as to draw the ability of the child away from the verve of unreceptive reactions. Classroom management dilemma The speaking incentive or the pre-requisite regard towards communication strategies has been evident in educational curricula in the contemporary society.   Hence, it is undeniable that there are students who possess the utterly â€Å"shy† personality by which they are unable to air what they wish to express in classroom for reasons which are laid on the issue on health, racial discrimination, status quo or an innate sense of anxiety (Aviv, 2007). These problems are cited by communications professors as a an â€Å"academic dilemma† since that it pulls back the student from getting the whole gist of what is to be acquired in school only because there exists a cold feet in expressing their emotions—which by hand is considered as a vital factor in learning—to be able to share their thoughts.   Studies show that there are students who fail getting a degree and drop out of further education because of the crippled ability in public speaking or in effective communication by which various profession pay high regard and attention. Reference Aviv, R. (2007, November 13, 2007). Don’t Be Shy. The New York Times.      

Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building The WritePass Journal

Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building Task 05 Tender Pricing Process for Accommodation Building INTRODUCTIONTask 055.1 Draft inquiry letter to5.2 Explain different forms of discounts given by the suppliers and how would   you incorporate those discounts into your tender.Related INTRODUCTION This assignment has been concise five main tasks through different topics related to cost estimation. The focuses of estimating for selected areas in a proposed accommodation building, tender pricing techniques, build up unit rates for selected descriptions from BOQ are discussed through the sub tasks. Especially the parties participating of involved in pricing for a particular project and factor to be consider when pricing for a tender sum also identified and clearly discussed further, such as site over heads, head office over heads, subcontractor, suppliers, and the discounts for the performance of suppliers, subcontractors and the client. At the time of build up rates for given descriptions the cost information and the current market price for components of the description take place as a challenge, so those are collected from site people and dealer of the material and the summery of the items which are related to the tasks also attached for further clarifications. TASK 1 1   Describe the tender pricing process of above tender. This is the tender pricing process given below Receipt of invitation to tenders Decision to tender Collection of tender documents Examine tender documents Collection of necessary document Preparing necessary documents Tender adjudication submission of tender Receipt of invitation to tenders Ministry of   health advertise this invitation to tender   for batticalo government hospital two story patients building in   srilankan public news paper. Our company got this information â€Å"veeracasari† daily news paper. They are published in news paper because this is open tender. If anyone   have the enough qualification they can participate the tender. Decision to tender On receipt of tender documents a tender information form should be completed by the estimator acknowledgement on receipt of the enquiry should send to the client or his consultant. This form will provide management with the summary of the project the tender documentation it will be a significant document contributing the decision of the submission of the tender Collection of tender documents We get the tender documents form ministry of health .these are some tender documents Tender notice / Invitation to tender , condition of tender /   Instruction to bidders , Form of agreement, Conditions of contract and appendix to condition of contract, Form of tender , Drawings, Bonds Bills of Quantities / Specifications / Schedule of rates , Schedules. Examine tender documents The estimator must inspect the tender document before the preparation of the net estimate and the check list must be establish of the documents receipt. Inspection of the tender document must seek to achieve the following objective The documents received are those in the enquiry Sufficient time is variable for production for tender The documents and information are adequate for assessing costs Collection of necessary document We must collect the price list of   the materials, plats haring rate , labour rate. We should get the cortation   form the material suppliers. We must calculate the total cost of this two story hospital building . Preparing necessary documents We must prepare financial statement   of our company, work programmed, method of statement , site origination chart , bid bond and   pricing of bill of quantity. Tender adjudication First we must estimate the cost and decide the markup percentage. After that adding that markup percentage to estimated cost. Then used that final cost in to the tendering purpose Submission of tender Tenderers must lodge their tender with full identification and documentation at the nominated location by the advertised date and time. The estimator must ensure that the procedure set out in the tender documents for the submission of the tender is followed particularly. The form of tender and any other declarations, must be completed as required and sign by an authorized person from the contractor’s organization. The codes of procedure for selective tendering, whether for main contractors, state that a tenderer who submits a qualified tender should be given reasonable opportunity to withdraw his qualifications without amendment of his tender price. 1.2   explain the factors that need to be considered in pricing the proposed project .describe related factors only to the given project Special conditions or instructions given by client In the batticalo hospital client’s ministry of health. This is a hospital building because this is not complicated design. But in the apartment   construction, designing is very complicated.   Comparing the hospital   construction and   apartment construction take more   working hours. It’s very easy to construct hospital   constructions than the other   building constructions .    Availability of material, labour, plant, technology Availability of resource one of the main consideration factor during the pricing time. Because in the construction field, it is totally depends on the material, labour, plant and technology. In hospital construction   materials availability is lower than the other construction materials. So we have to find the suitable suppliers find the competitive quotation and select one from them and price the tender for competitive price. In our hospital construction is two story building because   no need for higher plant we need the normal plant only We can get the plant for the construction cheaply. Any how the estimator duty is according to the contract chose the correct price and pricing tender. And also more than these availabilities. Location Location is one of the important consideration factors in the pricing of tender. Because in the location we consider the many things like the transport facilities, availability of material, labour and plants, storage, weather conditions, etc. Our location is situated in thebatticalo. So we can easily find material labour force there. We can’t   find huge plant facilities from that area. So this cost will be affect in the pricing of the tender. In the storage site facilities is the other important factor in here. We can easily find the storage facilities in the near area. The storage facility cost will low than the city so it’s an advantage for us in the storage cost.             Construction period and maintenance period    At the pricing time, estimator should consider the construction period and maintenance period of the building. Because the working process depending on the time and cost. In the hospital construction may the construction period is lower   but the same kind of the work is here. In pricing time normally put more unit rate in short period contracts. Because the normal working process should be change and take some arrangement for this. In our case we cant used noise making instruction this is in the hospital because we always keep silence. After the construction we gave one year for the maintenance of the building. This is a hospital building because most people use this building because we must maintenance correct fully .because we need allocate more amount for that .    Competition in the market While considering the market situation in these days the hospital   construction is very rare in the market. All the construction companies cannot do this kind of hospital construction works. reason is client is ministry of health this is one of the government. Normally government they didn’t pay the money on time.   So when the pricing time of the tender we can go some advantageous price. So we have to collect some money for   this new works. And finally we have to request the management to put the high percentage of profit margin. By doing this we can earn a huge profit. This is government project because we don’t care about market competitions the reason is if we participate the tender we must rejecter in ICTAD. In batticalo most of the contractors they didn’t rejecter in ICTAD . Payment of structure We must considerate the payment   structure. How much rupees they paid for advanced then when they make the second and other payment. We must conformed and   fixed to the payment dates .          Fluctuation We must conformed fluctuation allow or not . Now   materials of the market price is suddenly going up and down. Market price going up this will be effect   to the contractor. Market price going down this is good for contractor but effect to the client ( In our scenario client is ministry of health department ). Before tendering we must conformed these thinks. Type of contract In our scenario this is a lump sum type contract. Normally lump sum type contracted base on drawing and specification. In these type of contracted most important document is drawing and specification. Quantity surveyor must care fully read the   drawing and specification do the calculation work care fully. Quantity surveyor make any mistake in the calculation part this will be effect to the contractors profit.  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚   1.3) Explain what type of cost information you would use in pricing this tender and name the sources of such cost information Pricing this tender is the major part of preparation of BOQ. This procedure will be done by using different cost information. Do to this type of project we can get the cost details from an experienced person like a sub contractor who is specialized in this kind of hospital   constructions. we can get the cost information by having a conversation with some suppliers or sub contractor too. There are some sources from that the information about the materials, labour and plant can be taken, Quotation  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   to get the sub contractor or supplier. If previous same project   Ã‚   if the contractor can be used the previous project experience, he wants consider the type of project; the previous project will be good experience for this current project to reduce tender pricing. Daily report. Price index this is issues ICTAD in Sri Lanka. So to price this particular tender we can take the pricing information through quotation for suppliers and sub contractors. Because, this is a government   project which is going to be with high quality   and also we are specialized in any type   construction we can go for quotations. The contractor’s success in obtaining contract depends upon  ­quality of the quotations received for materials, plant and items to be subcontracted. It is essential to obtain realistically competitive prices at the time of preparing the estimate. Standard procedures must be established setting to responsibilities of the person who is to carry out the enquiry function and any subsequent negotiations that arise. Lists of items for which quotations are required are established following the detailed exanimation of the contract documents. Details of past performance, previous performance in returning complete quotation on time, extent of geographical operation, size and type of contract on which previously used, information concerning contacts are considered when selecting sub contractors and this will be necessary if deal with unknown suppliers and sub contractors. Pre selection must confirm that quotations will be submitted and establish that the particular suppliers or sub contractors has the necessary resources and desire to tender for the project. The professional manner in which enquiries are sent to suppliers and sub contractors can have considerable effect on the qualityof quotations submitted. Objective of sending out enquires for supplier and subcontractor to labour, materials, and plant is to ensure that technically accurate quotations are received with the main contract conditions. This must clearly setout terms conditions on which quotations are being invited. All needed materials for this project shall be supplied from the selected suppliers. Enquiries to suppliers of materials must state these important factors: Title and location of the work, and site address Specification, class and quality of the material ,Quantity of the material Delivery programmed , Special deliver Date by which the quotation is required, Period for the quotation is to remain open. Conclusion In above task I am clearly indicate the tender pricing process of   batticalo two story hospital building and clearly indicate some factors considering   in pricing process of above construction   project. Finally I am explaining how we can get the cost information using our tender and name of source such cost information.       Task 2 2.1)What are the factors affecting pricing   labour, material and plant items in day work Schedule? Labour The calculation for the prime cost of labour differs somewhat from that of the all-in-rate, various incidental costs, over heads and profit are deemed to be included in the percentage added to the prime cost rate by the contractor. The percentage added must include all other items that the contractor considers are necessary to cover the true cost incurred but not allowed under the definition of prime cost of day work. At the time of calculation following factors to be consider for pricing Wages :- wages depend on his talent (eg-special skilled ,skilled or un skilled) we must pay the wages   his skill   type only. Wage is different for every type. Transportation time :- The labour come to other site we must allow a percentage for his transporting cost. If   this cost higher than the accommodation cost we can arrange the accommodation for labours we can reduce the anonymous cost. Overtime :- A labour   normally working eight   hours per day but our requirement he some time he working ten hours or eleven hours per day if he work eleven hourse per day over time three hours. These   three hours per day we must paid 1.25 X   one our wage. Subsistence allowances   Social benefits (EPF, ETF) :- this benefits only for permanent labours only. Not for daily wage labours. Company will pay some percentage of his/ her   salary and some percentage of his salary. These percentage is decided by labour department (Srilanka) Overhead :- we must add a percentage for over head. This is operating cost of the contractor head office. This is indirect expenditure. Superintendence Liabilities, Insurance and allowances for labours       Material The contractor shall be entitle to payment in respect of materials used for day work at the rates in the contract documents, in the schedule of day work rates and such rates shall be deem to includes overhead charges, profit, cost and other expenses. Factors to be consider when the pricing are; Material cost: material cost also effect the pricing of day work schedule. Wastages: we must include some percentage for wastage. This wastage mostly affects the timber. Form work time timber wastage is very high. Our structural design is very difficult that time we make some molding for get required shape. That time timber wastage is very high. For example sand we un loading sand in our site we can’t use the total cube of material. When the storing time sand will mixed with bottom part of the land that sand mixed with other sand we can’t use that sand for construction works Insurances:-   some materials we must take a insurance otherwise we may face huge problem. Here a am indicate a problem for example my home town is Jaffna. I am studied at Hartley College. The tsunami time (2004) our school built a auditorium for 1500 student. End of the year tsunami attacked Srilanka that time Jaffna also effect hugely. That time our school store they keep 500 bags cement. But they didn’t get the insurance. Those 500 cement bag fully destroyed. That project contractor face huge lost that time and he left that project. Some time he get a insurance he don’t care about this problem this a natural disaster because that insurance company they paid the full money. I hope This Is a good example for this insurance. Because we must   get a insurance for required materials Handling expenses (loading, unloading, storing) :- whatever   the material we are using at site those material has the loading and unloading process. If we are doing the estimation we must add a percentage for loading and unloading purpose. Some material we stored any wear but some material we must keep carefully for examples steel, tiles, cement, some expensive materials Losses:- if there theft happen we must parches that lost material because we must spent more money for that material for examples electrical fittings, other costly items Head office overhead:- we must add some percentage for head office over head. This percentage will decide by contractor. Profit:- this is a amount for contractor. This amount will be decide by contractor and add the amount in material cost. Plant The charge for plant is normally applied under ‘Schedule of basic plant charges’. The rates in the schedule are basic and may subject to an overall adjustment to be quoted by the contractor prior to placing of the contract. The rates apply to plant and machinery already on site, whether hired or owned by the contractor. If we are hiring a plant first we pay some amount for advance and guaranteed .our using time any troubles may occurred. If that trouble is minor work we must repair that problem. Otherwise they deduct some amount for that repair work. The rates unless otherwise stated , include the cost of fuel of every description; lubricating oils, grease, maintenance, sharpening of tools,   replacement of spare parts, all consumable stores, and for license and insurance applicable to items of plant. They do not include the costs of drivers and attendants. The rates should be applied to the time during which the plant is actually engaged in day work. Whether or not plant is chargeable on day works depends on the day work agreement in use. Conclusion Before calculating the labour , plant, material we must know about what are the factors affect the pricing those item after that we can   successfully done the pricing of labour, plant , material. Above task I am   indicate some factors and clearly describe how   to effect those calculations. I hope I am done my level best explain in above task.    Task-03 Explain the reason for using particular method of pricing In my calculation part I am using norms. If we are using the norms no need to do the extra works for examples No need to calculating the wastage separately No need to calculate the shrinkage   separately Our description is a standard because I am using norms directly. Task -04 4.1) Describe the preliminary items that could be required in implementing permanent works of this project. List out the items considered for calculation of head office over head and how you would calculate the over head percentage The pricing preliminaries of the bill of quantities are the estimator’s part in the preparation of a tender process. Preliminary means the items which are not included in the measured works section. The contractor’s general cost items, temporary woks, contractual matters; specific requirements of the employer will be included under the preliminaries. Preliminary section can be divided as fixed charges and time related charges. The description of the work as a whole and the circumstances in which it is to be constructed is intended to convey to the estimator an initial impression of the types of work involved, including any particular or usual features or conditions that are relevant. Bearing in mind, which accompanies the tender documents, the description required under this rule can be relatively succinct. I have identified the following preliminaries items that could be required for     permanent works of this proposed project. Management and staff , site accommodation ,insurance, engineers facility, performance bond, Advance guarantee bond, Services and facilities (Power, lighting, fuels, water, telephone facility, safety, health and welfare, security, storage facility ) ,Mechanical plant (Personnel transport, transport) ,Temporary works (Access scaffolding, Support scaffolding and propping   ) Duration   Project duration is important factor which is affect a project cost directly. Availability of material  Ã‚   This project is in batticalo. If we get the most material in batticalo, we may be in a position to complete this work in a quick process. Also we may get the materials with acceptable price. That also will affect the pricing of preliminaries.    Services and facilities Project time we must arrange the accommodation for Labours. If we arrange the accommodation we gave some belongs facilities toilets, electricity. This cost also affects the pricing of preliminaries. Staff accommodation   While providing the staff accommodation, we are providing the all the staff for entire project period. But the reality sometimes staffs may be not needed for the entire duration of this project. That will affect the pricing the preliminary. Access of the site During the excavation period we have to bring large machineries. Therefore we need large access of the site to bring the large machineries. If we don’t have the large access we have to do other methods. That’s also affecting the pricing the preliminary. Staff vehicles   Ã‚   Staff members travel head office to site office, site office to head office and other purpose we must arrange for a vehicle. If we hiring the vehicles for professional staff. we must paid for more money because we bought a new vehicle for our company that cost will affect the pricing of preliminary. This total price is increase that particular project cost will increase. Guarantees and bonds This is common for most of the projects, that client will requires some amount of money as a bond which to keep a good relationship between the two parties. A contractor normally pays a single insurance premium for this and it can be a very expensive item depending on the financial status and experience of the contractor. Testing material Throughout a contract the testing of materials may be ordered by the architect. That test costs can be taken laboratories. These requirements executed by the consultant which helps to maintain quality, standard workmanship of the works. It will also affecting the pricing the preliminary. In our project will be commencing at  Ã‚   Batticalo . We can’t find a testing center Form Batticalo because we must brink required samples to Colombo that time traveling charge, Who brink that samples to Colombo that person welfare cost. These cost are including in the testing material. This cost also affects the cost of preliminaries. Pricing for maintenance of public and private roads Some contracts need provision for the repair of damage to existing roads by the builder’s plant and heavy vehicles continually passing over them. They must also be constantly kept clean and free of mud, building materials, debris and the like. Head office overheads The construction of the project must contribute towards the cost of running company’s head office and other general overheads of the organization. This consist of the cost of administrating a company and providing off site services the apportionment of head office over heads to project and to the company as a whole is decided by management as part of the management policy. Items considered for calculation of head office over head Head office salaries Director’s fees Office rent/depreciation of furniture Incidental insurance Heat, light, power, fuel Stationary Postage Books and telephone   charges Auditor’s fees Staff vehicles Interest on working capital and retention money Head office over head percentage X 100 H/O % =   total h/o expenses during previous year   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Total turn over during previous year Total turnover mean how much money come to the head office. These are some basic examples for turnover, interim payment resived from various client, advanced payment of previous project.    4.2) build up the management and supervision cost of this project. Clearly state the factors to be considered in pricing    Establishment Running cost Disposal cost Total Assumption             Site engineer-1    12X40000       Clerk-1    12X14000       Store keeper-1    12X12000       Supervisor-1    12X20000       Quantity surveyor-1    12X35000       Accountant-1    12X15000    Total -1632000    These are some factors directly link with the pricing of management and supervision cost. If we select the b.sc holder site engineer we must pay more money because we select next lower level best site engineer with more experience (   for example 5 years) we can reduce our monthly salary cost. We are selecting the professional people like this we can save lot of money. Conclusion In above task I am clearly indicted what are the preliminaries items required in permanent work of this our project and I gave some factors to calculate the head office over head and head office over head percentage.    Task 05 5.1 Draft inquiry letter to A) M/s mascons ltd requesting prices of asbestos roofing sheets The Managers, M/s Mascons (PVT) Ltd, No 39, Inner fairline Rd, Dehiwala . 01.10.2010 Dear Sir, Quotation for Asbestos roofing sheets    We are Raj engineering (PVT) Ltd, which is located in No 12A, Boswell place, Wellawattae. We have decided to tender for a project which is a two story hospital building in batticalo. According to our estimation we need 200 Asbestos roofing sheets 10’X4’ size. This project is going to construct in Batticalo area. As we know that your company has a branch in batticalo. As we are having a good relationship with your company for past 4 years, we decided to request the quotation from your company for this tender too. The materials we require on 1st of November 2010. We want the quotation within 14 days from the day you receive this letter. Also we kindly request you to include about your credit facilities, discount details, storage facilities and your best price for our requirement. Thank you. Yours faithfully, T.subaraj   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  (Junior Q.S) B) M/s ABC tiles requesting rates for fixing tiles Dear Sir, Quotation   for   fixing tiles rate    We are Raj engineering (PVT) Ltd, which is located in No 12A, Boswell place, Wellawattae. We have decided to tender for a project which is a two story hospital building in batticalo. According to our estimation we want fixed 10000 (300X300) tiles for 100000m2 area. Because we need a quotation for fixing tiles. This project is going to construct in Batticalo area. As we know that your company has a branch in batticalo. We have a good relationship with you; we decided to request the quotation from your company for this tender. We require on 1st of November 2010. We want the quotation within 14 days from the day you receive this letter. Also we kindly request you to include about your credit facilities, discount details, your best price for our requirement. Thank you.       Yours Faithfully, T.Subaraj 5.2 Explain different forms of discounts given by the suppliers and how would   you incorporate those discounts into your tender. Discounts Discounts are quoted or stated cost of which will deduct from the payment of the suppliers and sub-contractors. It is depend on the fulfillment of the conditions which asked specified in the contract for acquiring discounts. The purposes of the discounts are increase the short terms sales, move out of date stocks, reword valuable customers. Mainly there are two types of discounts, those are as follows; Cash discounts Trade discounts Cash discounts Cash discount is often given by the suppliers and sub-contractors to encourage early settlement of accounts. A statement is sent to the contractor at the beginning of each month listing the invoices for materials or services supplied during the previous month. If payment is made by end of the month, a settlement (cash) discount may be taken. These discounts are allowed off invoices if the contractor pay’s within a certain period. In the case of sub-contractors, the period is 17 days after issue of the architect’s certificate which includes the value of the invoice work or services. In the case of suppliers, the period is 30 days from end of the month during which delivery of materials or goods is made. If payment is not paid within the specified period, the contractor is not entitled to deduct the discount. For an example; the client pay his monthly payment earlier the contractor will be given some amount of discount for client, same think happening between main contrac tors and supplier, sub-contractors. Trade discounts Trade discounts are customarily allowed off the prices on standard price list of materials and goods in particular trades. This is often done to avoid frequent revision of such lists, the discounts being varied to allow for fluctuations in prices. In addition some suppliers will allow larger discounts to regular customers or those who buy large quantities. So the more the contractor buys he will get more amounts of discounts to a maximum amount provided by the supplier. Explanation of how to incorporate them into the tender Company name Sanan trade company Raj construction company Suban trade company Cost of material 1700 1200 2000 Discount 5% 20% 10% Payment structure 5% advanced No advanced 10% advanced Warranty 5 years 20 years 10 years Trade name of material Known Un known Known Above table clearly indicate three different types of company’s details. In this case we can select sanan Trade Company for supply materials. If we are select that company we can get the 5% of discount because our tendering amount will be reduce. We can easy to win the tender reasonable cost. The main contractor is always expecting about the discount to use it in pricing the tender. If the main contractor knows the amount of the discounts from the subcontractors or suppliers, he can reduce the rate of the work in that tender. So the tender price may be reduced. This might be increased the chance to win the tender. That is why the estimator or being consultancy Quantity Surveyors should have a thorough knowledge about the discounts and should apply the discounts while he is pricing the tender.       Conclusion I gained lot of knowledge about cost estimation through this assignment got idea about the tender pricing process, the factors that need to be considered in pricing a tender, the sources and nature of information for cost estimating, the factors affecting labour , material and plant rates, all-in-labour, material plant rates, unit rates that reflect the current local market prices for measured work items in a BOQ, preliminary, overhead costs in a bills of Quantities, the cost of site facilities to be provided by the contractors, prepare letters of enquires for supply of materials and subcontract services and different forms of discount .those are I gained through this assignment. I referred lot of books to do this assignment .I got idea through our batch mates to do this assignment. And also review was useful for me. in review time our lecture corrected my fall in the assignment so review was very useful. REFERENCE Ivor H.Seely, Quantity Surveying Practices, 2nd Edition Published by Palgrave Macmillan, 1997. RD Buchan, F.W. Fleming and J.R. Kelly ,Estimating for Builders and Quantity Surveyors ,1st Edition ,British library cataloguing in publication data,1991. The procurement committee of the charted Institute of building, Code of estimating practice, 6th Edition, Published by The charted Institute of building through Englemere services limited, 1997. Wills, Practice and procedures for the quantity surveyors, 12th Edition, Blackwell publishing. Jack Ramus, Arics and Simon Birchall, Contract Practices for Surveyors, 3rd Edition, Published by British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data, 1996.

Project Proposal Template Essays

Project Proposal Template Essays Project Proposal Template Essay Project Proposal Template Essay Project Proposal Template Cover Page United Nations Voluntary Fund on Disability Project title: Name of implementing agent(s): Project location: Proposed starting date: Project duration: Amount requested from Voluntary Fund (US$): Government inputs: Implementing agent inputs: Other donor inputs: Brief summary description of the project proposal: Describe problem addressed, proposed solution, expected results, intended beneficiaries and reason(s) why assistance is requested from the Voluntary Fund. Body of Project Proposal The Voluntary Fund project proposal template has five sections: I. Background and justification of the project II. Objectives of the project III. Expected results of the project IV. Project implementation and management V. Project budget I. BACKGROUND AND JUSTIFICATION This section should provide a brief introduction to the current social and economic situation related to the geographic region and beneficiaries of the project. The background should also describe:   the problem or critical issue which the proposal seeks to resolve how the proposal relates to other relevant national development strategies and policies whether there are other programmes and activities which will complement the proposal how the need for the project was determined how intended beneficiaries were involved in project identification and planning what kind of assistance the concerned governmental offices will provide what kind of resources the non-governmental community will provide If a non-governmental organization has prepared the proposal, it is important to describe how concerned governmental officials were made aware of and/or were involved in project formulation. Finally, the section should describe the relevant experience and capabilities of the project Implementing Agent, and the type and level of resources that the Implementing Agent will provide for project planning, implementation management and follow up. II. OBJECTIVES A. Development objective The section should describe the way in project objectives are addressed in national development strategies and policies, in terms of specific programmes and how the proposed project will relate to these strategies and policies. The discussion should indicate the specific national social and economic objectives to which the proposal, if successful, is expected to contribute, and how this is expected to contribute to improved well being and livelihood of the project beneficiaries and the larger community. B. Immediate objectives The immediate objectives section describes what the project is expected to achieve in terms of effects among intended beneficiaries. Specifically, the section discusses what changes are expected to occur among intended beneficiaries if project operations are successful. Changes can include new and improved technical skills and knowledge, increased income-generating capacities, and greater public awareness at the community, national, regional or international levels. The section should also discuss whether project operations, if successful, will be extended to other locations as well as and whether the project experience can be applied to other sectors. III. PROJECT IMPLEMENTATION AND MANAGEMENT PLAN A. Expected project results The section should describe the overall results that the project is expected to. The discussion should also discuss whether there may be unintended effects of the project, and how these possibilities will be addressed. The discussion should indicate in quantitative terms, to the extent possible, what the project will produce through its planned activities and budget. B. Project activities and work plan The section should describe how each immediate project objective will be carried out in terms of planned activities, their timing and duration, and who will be responsible for each activity. This can be summarized in a simple table. C. Project Beneficiaries This section describes who and how many people are expected to benefit from the project, both directly and indirectly. It should also discuss how intended beneficiaries have been involved in project design, and their expected role in project implementation and evaluation. D. Implementing agent management of project This section should describe: who will be responsible for planning and management of project operations as well as the roles of other bodies and organizations associated with the project what arrangements will be established to ensure that there will be effective coordination with other relevant programmes and activities. The section should also discuss whether project operations are expected to continue, or expand to other areas or sectors, once the current phase of assistance is completed. This could include plans for introducing self-financing provisions to ensure continued viability of operations on project completion. IV. PROJECT MONITORING AND EVALUATION This section should discuss proposed mechanisms and procedures for monitoring of project operations to ensure that activities occur as planned, that they remain directed towards stated objectives, and that appropriate orrective action is taken if required. Specifically the discussion should indicate who will be responsible for preparing periodic project progress and final technical reports and for the accounting of expenditures made from the Voluntary Fund. All projects need to be evaluated on completion. This section should also identify the party who will responsible for this task as well as how intended beneficiaries will be involved. V. BUDG ET The budget for the Voluntary Fund should be prepared in U. S. dollars. An additional budget should be prepared to describe the budget components to be financed by Government, Project Implementing Agent and other parties participating in the project. This additional budget can be in local currency, but the equivalent in U. S. dollars should be indicated. A description of the budget template line items and a budget template follow: 10. 00   Project Personnel: The resources of the Voluntary Fund can finance project personnel specialized needed to plan and carry out the project or specialized consultant services required to accomplish a specific project objective. Salaries and consultancy feeds should be reflective of local prevailing conditions. The Voluntary Fund does not prioritize projects with high personnel costs. 11. 01  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Experts: for international personnel working for more than six months on the project. Job description/Terms of reference should be included in project document. 11. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consultants: for personnel working for less than six months on the project. Job description/Terms of reference should be included in project document. 13. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrative Support: for clerical and related support tasks. Please note that financing of project support personnel is not a priority for the Voluntary Fund. 15. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Official Travel of Project Personnel 17. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Professional Project Personnel. Job description/Terms of reference should be included in project document. 20. 00   Subcontracts: This component pertains to specialized services provided the project by an outside contractor. Each subcontract will require a separate budget line; subcontractor terms of reference should be attached as an annex to the project document. 30. 00   Training: 32. 0  Ã‚   Group training and study tours: organized training programmes and study tours conducted outside the country of the project; group training normally does not exceed two months and study tours normally are one month or less 33. 00  Ã‚   In service training: cost of individual and group training organized and conducted in the country of the project. 40. 00   Equipment: 41. 00  Ã‚   Expendable equipment: i tems of equipment, supplies or training materials valued at less than US$400; 42. 00  Ã‚   Non expendable equipment: items of equipment valued at US$400 or more or which have a serviceable life of five years or more. NOTE: Normally the resources of the Voluntary Fund will only support acquisition of equipment needed for training or applied research. 43. 00  Ã‚   Premises: The Voluntary Fund will not fund costs for premises (construction, rent, utilities). This line item should only be used to indicate any contributions from other donors, the government, or the implementing agent. 50. 00   Miscellaneous: 51. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operation, Maintenance and Repair of Equipment: operation and maintenance of project equipment that cannot be covered by the host government or the project implementing agent 52. 0  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publications and Report Costs: report costs, which may include the reproduction of a reasonable number of copies of project technical and final reports 53. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sundry and Communications: official postage, communications and incidental supplies Project Budget Template Name of project Name of Implementing agent 10 Project Personnel 11. 01  Ã‚  Ã‚   International Experts 11. 50  Ã‚  Ã‚   Consultants 11. 99  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subtotal: Personnel 13. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Administrative Support 15. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Official Travel 17. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   National Professional Project Personnel 9. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Component Total 20  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subcontracts 21. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Subcontract #1 29. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Component Total 30  Ã‚  Ã‚   Training 32. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Group Training / Study Tours 33. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   In-service Training 39. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Component Total 40  Ã‚  Ã‚   Equipment 41. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Expendable Equipment 42. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Non-Expendable Equipment 43. 00   Ã‚  Ã‚   Premises 49. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Component Total 50  Ã‚  Ã‚   Miscellaneous 51. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Operation, Maintenance and Repair of Equipment 52. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Publications and Report Costs 53. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Sundry, and Communications 59. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Component Total 99. 00  Ã‚  Ã‚   Grand Total

Nannie Doss, Serial Killer Profile and Biography

Nannie Doss, Serial Killer Profile and Biography Nannie Doss was a serial killer who earned the monikers The Giggling Nanny,† The Giggling Granny, and The Jolly Black Widow after going on a killing spree that began in the 1920s and ended in 1954. Doss was easy to entertain. Her favorite pastimes included reading romance novels and poisoning members of her family to death. Childhood Years Nannie Doss was born Nancy Hazle on Nov. 4, 1905, in Blue Mountain, Alabama, to James and Lou Hazle. Much of Doss childhood was spent avoiding the wrath of her father who ruled the family with an abusive iron fist. If they were needed to work on the farm, James Hazle gave little thought to pulling the children out of school. With education being a low priority in the Hazle family, there were no objections when Nannie decided to leave school for good after completing the sixth grade. Head Injury When Nannie was 7 years old, she was on a train that suddenly stopped, causing her to fall forward and hit her head. After the incident, she suffered for years with migraine headaches, blackouts, and depression. Teenage Years From early on James Hazle refused to allow his daughters to do anything to enhance their appearance. Pretty dresses and makeup were not allowed nor were friendships with boys. It was not until Doss got her first job in 1921 that she had any real social interaction with the opposite sex. At the age of 16, instead of attending school and worrying about prom night, Doss was working in a linen factory and spending her spare time with her head buried in her favorite pastime, reading romance magazines, especially the lonely hearts club section. The One Who Got Away: Charley Braggs While working at the factory Doss met Charley Braggs who worked at the same factory and took care of his unmarried mother. The two began dating and within five months they were married and Doss moved in with Braggs and his mother. If what she hoped by marrying was to escape the oppressive environment she grew up in, she must have been disappointed. Her mother-in-law turned out to be extremely controlling and manipulative. Motherhood The Braggs had their first child in 1923 and three more followed over the next three years. Doss life had become a prison of raising children, taking care of her demanding mother-in-law, and putting up with Charley who was an abusive, adulterous drunk. To cope, she began drinking at night and managed to get out to local bars for her own adulterous fun. Their marriage was doomed. The Death of Two Children and a Mother-In-Law In 1927, soon after the birth of their fourth child, the Braggs two middle children died by what doctors labeled as food poisoning. Suspecting that Doss had poisoned the children, Braggs took off with the oldest child, Melvina, but oddly enough left the newborn, Florine, and his mother behind. Not long after he left his mother died. Doss remained in the Bragg home until a year later when her husband returned with Melvina and his new girlfriend. The two divorced and Doss left with her two daughters and moved back to her parents home. Charley Braggs ended up being the only husband that Nannie did not poison to death. Husband #2 - Frank Harrelson Alone again, Doss returned to her childhood passions  of reading romance magazines and the lonely hearts column, only this time she began corresponding with some of the men who advertised there. It was through the classified column that she met her second husband, Robert Harrelson. Doss, 24, and Harrelson, 23, met and married and the couple, along with Melvina and Florine, lived together in Jacksonville. Once again Doss would find out that she had not married a man with the character of her romance novel men. Quite the opposite. Harrelson turned out to be a drunk and in debt. His favorite pastime was to get into bar fights. But somehow the marriage lasted until Harrelsons death, 16 years later. Doss Becomes a Grandmother, But Not for Long In 1943, Doss oldest daughter, Melvina, had her first child, a son named Robert and then another in 1945. But the second child, a healthy girl, died soon after being born for unexplained reasons. Later Melvina recalled, while she was in and out of consciousness after her difficult delivery, seeing her mother stick a hatpin into the head of the infant, but no proof of the incident was ever found. On July 7, 1945, Doss was taking care of Melvinas son Robert, after she and her daughter had a fight over Doss disapproval of Melvinas new boyfriend. That night, while in Doss care, Robert died of what doctors said was asphyxia from unknown causes. Within a few months, Doss collected $500 on an insurance policy she had taken out  on  the boy. Frank Harrelson Dies On September 15, 1945, Frank Harrelson became ill and died. Doss would later tell the story of Frank coming home drunk and raping her. The next day, acting on revenge, she poured rat poison into his corn whiskey jar, then watched as Harrelson died a painful and miserable death. Husband #3 - Arlie Lanning Figuring it had worked once to snag a husband, Doss returned to the classified ads to find her next true love. It worked and within two days of meeting each other, Doss and Arlie Lanning were married. Just like her late husband, Lanning was an alcoholic, but not a violent one. This time it was Doss who would take off for weeks and sometimes months at a time. In 1950, after two and a half years of marriage, Lanning became ill and died. At the time it was believed that he died of a heart attack brought on by the flu that was going around. He showed all the symptoms - fever, vomiting, stomach pains. With his history of drinking, doctors believed his body simply succumbed to it and an autopsy was not performed. Lannings house was left to his sister and within two months the house burned down before the sister had taken ownership. Doss moved in temporarily with her mother-in-law, but when she received an insurance check to cover the damages of the burned house, she took off. Doss wanted to be with her sister, Dovie, who was dying of cancer. Just before she was set to move to her sisters home, her mother-in-law died in her sleep. Not surprisingly, Dovie soon died too, while in Doss care. Husband #4 - Richard L. Morton This time Doss decided that, instead of limiting her search for a husband through the classified ads, she would try joining a singles club. She joined the Diamond Circle Club which is where she met her fourth husband, Richard L. Morton of Emporia, Kansas. The two married in October 1952 and made their home in Kansas. Unlike her previous husbands, Morton was not an alcoholic, but he did turn out to be adulterous. When Doss learned that her new husband was seeing his old girlfriend on the side, he didnt have long to live. Besides, she already had her sights on a new man from Kansas named Samuel Doss. But before she could take care of Richard, her father died and her mother Louisa came for a visit. Within days her mother was dead after complaining of severe stomach cramps. Husband Morton succumbed to the same fate three months later. Husband #5 - Samuel Doss After the death of Morton, Nannie moved to Oklahoma and soon became Mrs. Samuel Doss. Sam Doss was a Nazarene minister who was dealing with the death of his wife and nine of his children who were killed by a tornado that had engulfed Madison County, Arkansas. Doss was a good and decent man, unlike other men that had been in Nannies life. He was not a drunk, womanizer or a wife abuser. He was instead a decent church-going man who fell head over heels for Nannie. Unfortunately Samuel Doss had one major flaw that would be his demise. He was painfully frugal and boring. He led a regimented life and expected the same of his new bride. No romance novels or love stories on television were permitted and bedtime was at 9:30 p.m. every night. He also kept tight control over the money and gave very little to his new wife. This did not sit right with Nannie, so she returned to Alabama, but soon came back after Samuel agreed to sign her to his checking account. With the couple reunited and Doss having access to the money, she acted the role of the caring doting wife. She convinced Samuel to take out two life insurance policies, leaving her as the only benefactor. Almost before the ink dried, Samuel was in the hospital complaining of stomach problems. He managed to survive almost two weeks and recovered enough to return home. On his first night home from the hospital, Doss served him a nice home cooked meal and hours later Samuel was dead. Samuel Doss doctors were alarmed at his sudden passing and ordered an autopsy. It turned out his organs were full of arsenic and all fingers were pointing at Nannie Doss as the culprit. Police brought Doss in for questioning and she confessed to killing four of her husbands, her mother, her sister Dovie, her grandson Robert and Arlie Lannings mother. 15 Minutes of Fame Despite being a horrific murderer, Doss seemed to enjoy the limelight of her arrest and often joked about her dead husbands and the method she used to kill them, such as the sweet potato pie that she laced with arsenic. Those in the courtroom passing judgment on her failed to see the humor. On May 17, 1955, Doss, who was 50 years old, confessed to murdering Samuel and in return, she was given a life sentence. In 1963, after spending eight years in prison, she died of leukemia in the Oklahoma State Penitentiary. Prosecutors never pursued charging Doss for any additional murders. Most believe, however, that Nannie Doss might have killed up to 11 people.

Compare and contrast two people you know well Essay

Compare and contrast two people you know well - Essay Example One is my friend Mr. Pete and the other is my friend and cousin Prof. Jilmatt. Mr. Pete is an ardent social worker who attributes his generous nature to his family and multicultural society in which he was born and brought up. He spent his childhood with his loving parents, and friends of different ethnic groups. His parents belonged to a middle class White family who were staunch supporters of Catholic faith. In addition to religious insight, they both had good background of college education which added to Pete’s social concern. He is not only little lenient to moral failures but also exceedingly formal; and always maintained the dignity of his family throughout his life. Though people used to criticize him for his obsessional behavior, his sense of responsibility and discipline has had a strong influence on my life. Pete valued friendship and always maintained good social contact. He is well aware of the problems of common people and has clear opinion on social issues. He is an excellent speaker who also takes part in political campaigns. Although he was born to catholic parents, he actively participated in social issues irrespective of their ethnic variance. However, the most unfortunate thing about him is that he is half blind who could never read anything since his childhood. However, people who are only very close to him could identify this deformity; and obviously his will power enabled him to manage this. All his social contacts have helped him to build up a successful business based on agricultural products and equipments. Prof. Jilmatt is an aberrant character who could speak and write more than seven languages fluently. He is famous (notorious?) for his vociferous nature and careless life style. Common people could hardly understand the real versatile. He is little consistent with his career as a professor and is often catapulted from

Sociological Theories of Education Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Sociological Theories of Education - Essay Example In the current society, discrimination in the education system can be achieved through systems and policies that eliminate discrimination and promote ‘education for all’. According to WEB Bois (1868-1963), education should teach certain values such as the capacity to endure, love for beauty, avoidance of luxury, and a concern for courtesy. The purpose of education Randall (2007) writes that education is a process of acquiring data and knowledge, as well as learning different forms of behavior and competency in a specific field. The purpose of education involves cultivating human minds with values and principles that assist in determining the right and the wrong. The purpose of education also incorporates learning skills in certain subjects that assist in achieving overall development. In essence, education is a lifelong process and never ends. The purpose of education, therefore, entails a continuous change in the direction in the life of human beings. In the society, hu man beings realize the importance of education when they encounter difficulties. According to Carpenter  and   Haning (2011), in personal and professional development, education has a purpose of assisting each person to gain skills that can be used to overcome personal and professional difficulties. The basic purpose of education involves learning how to write, read, and understand concepts. The skills taught in the process of acquiring literacy remain for the whole life. It should be noted that writing, reading and understanding skills improve all the time a person reads and thinks. Education’s purpose is to teach a person how to acquire social and professional skills necessary for the socialization process in the society. Maintaining social relations in... This paper stresses that the purpose of education involves cultivating human minds with values and principles that assist in determining the right and the wrong. The purpose of education also incorporates learning skills in certain subjects that assist in achieving overall development. In essence, education is a lifelong process and never ends. The national curriculum in England, Wales and Northern Ireland is set of subjects and standards used by primary and secondary schools. These subjects and standards ensure that students learn similar content. This paper makes a conclusion that the national curriculum also covers which subjects should be taught and the standards pupils should meet in each subject. The Swan report, racism existed in educational institutions as well as individual levels. The British society is a multi-racial population, however, racism affected the education of minorities. The swan report also documented educational policies established in minority communities. The Tripartite System categorized the education system of England, Wales and Northern Ireland into three types: grammar, technical, and secondary modern. This system was discredited because of widespread discrimination against children from lower social class as well as children who could not pass the 11+ exam. The comprehensive system was introduced to replace the Tripartite System so that pupils could not be separated at a young age. The national curriculum was also developed to introduce ‘education for all’ principle.

Regulatory Measures Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Regulatory Measures - Research Paper Example Regulatory measures are guidelines set to control irregularities in organizations for the efficiency in their operations. The regulatory measures in the corporate world are meant to implement the ethical conduct in organizations. First is the Federal Sentencing Guidelines for organizations which involves an effective compliance program. The main objectives of the FSGO are to work aggressively to deter unethical acts, self-monitor, and police, and punish those members of organizations who engage in unethical behavior. There are four considerations made in sentencing of organizations. One is that the court orders the organization to remedy any harm caused by the offense. The second is that in the instance the organization operated primarily for the criminal purpose, fines can be high to divest all the firm assets. The third consideration is that fines levied against the organization are based on the seriousness of the offense and organization culpability. The fourth involves probation for an organization defendant to ensure there is reduced future criminal conduct.The FSGO has tried more than 280 cases. It is evident that the most frequent offenses include antitrust offenses, tax violation, fraud and environmental. Since the implementation of FSGO, 91 percent of organizations have pleaded guilty of various offenses. Statistics shows that 65 percent were placed on probation. The probation may be costly to the firms as consultants may be required by the court to improve monitoring activities.